Skip to main content

The Combinatorics of Alternating Tangles: From Theory to Computerized Enumeration

  • Chapter
Asymptotic Combinatorics with Application to Mathematical Physics

Part of the book series: NATO Science Series ((NAII,volume 77))

Abstract

We study the enumeration of alternating links and tangles, considered up to topological (flype) equivalences. A weight n is given to each connected component, and in particular the limit n → 0 yields information about (alternating) knots. Using a finite renormalization scheme for an associated matrix model, we first reduce the task to that of enumerating planar tetravalent diagrams with two types of vertices (self-intersections and tangencies), where now the subtle issue of topological equivalences has been eliminated. The number of such diagrams with p vertices scales as 12p for p → ∞. We next show how to efficiently enumerate these diagrams (in time ~ 2.7p) by using a transfer matrix method. We give results for various generating functions up to 21 crossings. We then comment on their large-order asymptotic behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hoste, J., Thistlethwaite, M. and Weeks, J. (1998) The First 1,701,936 Knots, The Mathematical Intelligencer 20, 33–48.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Ozanam, J. (1694) Récréations mathématiques et physiques Paris, 2 vols.; (1778) Revised by Montucla, Paris, 4 vols.; (1803) English translation by Hutton, London, 4 vols. We here cite p. 222, vol. 4 of the 1725 edition. We do not know whether the idea was already manifest in the books by C. Bachet (1612 and 1624), and by C. Mydorge (1630).

    Google Scholar 

  3. von Leibniz, G. W. (1771), cited in Histoire de l’Académie royale des Sciences de Paris pour l’année, p. 55.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Vandermonde, A.-T. (1774) Remarques sur les problèmes de situation, Mém. de l’Ac. des Sc. de Paris pour l’année 1771, Paris, p. 566.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Arefeva, I. Ya. and Volovich, I. V. (1998) Knots and Matrix Models, Infinite Dim. Anal. Quantum Prob., 1; hep-th/9706146.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Brézin, E., Itzykson, C., Parisi G. and Zuber, J.-B. (1978) Planar Diagrams, Commun. Math. Phys., 59, 35–51.

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Bessis, D., Itzykson, C. and Zuber, J.-B. (1980) Quantum Field Theory Techniques in Graphical Enumeration, Adv. Appl. Math., 1, 109–157.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Di Francesco, P., Ginsparg, P., and Zinn-Justin, J. (1995) 2D Gravity and Random Matrices, Phys. Rep., 254, 1–133.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. ’t Hooft, G. (1974) A Planar Diagram Theory for Strong Interactions, Nucl. Phys. B 72, 461–473.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Menasco, W. W. and Thistlethwaite, M. B. (1991) The Tait Flyping Conjecture, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 25 403–412

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Menasco, W. W. and Thistlethwaite, M. B.(1993) The Classification of Alternating Links, Ann. Math., 138, 113–171.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Rolfsen, D. (1976) Knots and Links, Publish or Perish, Berkeley.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Sundberg, C. and Thistlethwaite, M. (1998) The rate of Growth of the Number of Prime Alternating Links and Tangles, Pac. J. Math., 182, 329–358.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Tutte, W. T. (1963) A Census of Planar Maps, Can. J. Math., 15, 249–271.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Zvonkin, A. (1997) Matrix Integrals and Map Enumeration: An Accessible Introduction, Math. Comp. Modelling, 26, 281–304.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Kazakov, V. A. and Migdal, A. A. (1988) Recent progress in the theory of non-critical strings, Nucl. Phys. B, 311, 171–190.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kazakov, V. A. and Zinn-Justin, P. (1999) Two-Matrix Model with ABAB Interaction, Nucl. Phys. B, 546, 647; hep-th/9808043.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zinn-Justin, P. and Zuber, J.-B. (in print) Matrix Integrals and the Counting of Tangles and Links, proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics, Barcelona June 1999; Discrete Mathematics; math-ph/9904019.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Zinn-Justin, P. and Zuber, J.-B. (2000) On the Counting of Colored Tangles, Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, 9, 1127–1141; math-ph/0002020.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Zinn-Justin, P. (2001) Some Matrix Integrals related to Knots and Links, in Proceedings of the 1999 semester of the MSRI “Random Matrices and their Applications”, MSRI Publications Vol. 40 (2001); math-ph/9910010.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Zinn-Justin, P. (2000) The Six-Vertex Model on Random Lattices, Europhys. Lett., 50, 15–21; cond-mat/9909250.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kostov, I. (2000) Exact solution of the Six-Vertex Model on a Random Lattice, Nucl. Phys. B, 575, 513–534; hep-th/9911023.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kauffman, L. H. (1994) Knots and Physics, World Scientific Pub. Co.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Kauffman, L. H. (1998) Virtual Knot Theory; math-gt/9811028.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Jacobsen, J. L. and Zinn-Justin, P. (2001) A Transfer Matrix approach to the Enumeration of Knots; math-ph/0102015.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Jacobsen, J. L. and Zinn-Justin, P. (2001) A Transfer Matrix approach to the Enumeration of Colored Links; math-ph/0104009.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Eynard, B. and Kristjansen, C. (1996) More on the exact solution of the O(n) model on a random lattice and an investigation of the case \n\ > 2, Nucl. Phys. B, 466, 463–487; hep-th/9512052.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kostov, I. K. (1989) Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 4, 217

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gaudin, M. and Kostov, I. R. (1989) Phys. Lett. B, 220, 200

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rostov, I. R. and Staudacher, M. (1992) Nucl. Phys. B, 384, 459.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Rnizhnik, V. G., Polyakov, A. M. and Zamolodchikov, A. B. (1988) Fractal structure of 2D quantum gravity, Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 3, 819–826;

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. David, F. (1988) Conformal field theories coupled to 2D gravity in the conformal gauge, Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 3, 1651–1656

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Distler, J. and Kawai, H. (1989) Conformal field theory and 2D quantum gravity, Nucl. Phys. B, 321, 509.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zinn-Justin, P. (2001) The General O(n) Quartic Matrix Model and its Application to counting Tangles and Links; math-ph/0106005.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jacobsen, J.L., Zinn-Justin, P. (2002). The Combinatorics of Alternating Tangles: From Theory to Computerized Enumeration. In: Malyshev, V., Vershik, A. (eds) Asymptotic Combinatorics with Application to Mathematical Physics. NATO Science Series, vol 77. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0575-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0575-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0793-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0575-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics