Abstract
Land cover maps have been used to assess the sensitivity of ecosystems in support of European policies to mitigate air pollution. Within the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE), a protocol was signed in 1994 to further reduce the emissions of sulphur oxides, while in 1999, a protocol was negotiated to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone. These two protocols were the first to take into account information on the sensitivity of ecosystems, in addition to economic and technical knowledge about the cost and potential of installing pollution abatement equipment in European energy combustion facilities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alcamo, J., Shaw, R. and Hordijk, L. (eds.) (1990) The RAINS Model of Acidification — Science and Strategies in Europe, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 402.
Bartnicki, J. (1999) Computing source-receptor matrices with the Eulerian Acid Deposition Model, EMEP/MSC-W note 5/99, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, pp. 37.
EEA (1995a) Europe’s Environment: the DobÅ™ÃÅ¡ Assessment, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, pp. 676.
EEA (1995b) A General Strategy for Integrated Environmental Assessment at the European Environmental Agency, Scoping Study prepared by the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, pp 35.
EEA (1999) Environment in the European Union at the turn of the century, Environmental Assessment Report No. 2, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, pp. 446.
EMEP (1999) Transboundary photo-oxidants in Europe, EMEP Report 2/99, Norwegian Meteorological Institute (in collaboration with NILU, IER and UiO), Oslo, Norway, pp. 54.
Hettelingh, J-P., Downing, R.J. and de Smet, P.A.M. (1991a) Mapping critical loads for Europe, RIVM Report, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, pp 86.
Hettelingh, J- P., Meijer, E.N. and de Smet, P.A.M. (1991b) Mapping acidity in Europe, GIS World, 4(3): 42–44.
Hettelingh, J- P., Posch, M. and de Smet, P.A.M. (1995) The use of critical loads in emission reduction agreements in Europe, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85: 2381–2388.
Meijer E.N., Hettelingh, J-P. and Padding, P. (1995) Mapping critical loads of European ecosystems, in de Lepper, M.J.C., Scholten, H.J. and Stern, R.M. (eds.) The Added Value of Geographical Information Systems in Public and Environmental Health, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
IGBP (1999) Land-use and land-cover change implementation strategy, IGBP Report 48, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, pp 125.
Nilsson, J. and Grennfelt, P. (eds) (1988) Critical Loads for Sulphur and Nitrogen, Nord 1988:97, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 418.
Posch, M., Hettelingh, J- P., de Smet, P.A.M. and Downing, R.J. (eds) (1997) Calculation and Mapping of critical thresholds in Europe; Status Report 1997, Coordination Center for Effects, RIVM Report, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, pp. 163.
Posch, M., de Smet, P.A.M., Hettelingh, J-P. and Downing, R.J. (eds) (1999) Calculation and Mapping of critical thresholds in Europe; Status Report 1999, RIVM-Coordination Center for Effects, RIVM Report, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, pp. 165.
Schöpp, W., Amann, M., Cofala, J., Heyes, C. and Klimont, Z. (1999) Integrated assessment of European air pollution emission control strategies, Environmental Modelling & Software, 14(1): 1–9.
Simpson, D., Olendrzynski, K., Semb, A, Støren, E., and Unger, S. (1997) Photochemical oxidant modelling in Europe: Multi-annual modelling and source receptor relationships, EMEP/MSC-W Report, 3/97, Norwegian Mewteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway.
Simpson, D. and Posch, M. (1999) Report of the Modelling and Mapping session, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Critical Levels for Ozone — Level II, Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), Environmental Documentation No. 115, Berne, Switzerland, pp. 333.
Tol, R.S.J. and Vellinga P. (1998) The European Forum on Integrated Environmental Assessment, Environmental Modelling and Assessment, 3(3): 181–191.
UBA (1996) Mapping Critical Levels/Loads and geographic areas where they are exceeded, Umwelt Bundes Amt Texte 71/96, Berlin, Germany, pp. 144.
UN/ECE (1999) Strategies and policies for air pollution abatement; major review prepared under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Report ECE/EB.AIR/65, New York and Geneva, pp. 147.
UNEP (1997) Global Environmental Outlook, United Nations Environment Programme, Oxford University Press, pp. 264.
UNEP (1999) Global Environmental Outlook 2, United Nations Environment Programme, Earthscan Publications Ltd., pp. 398.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hettelingh, JP., Posch, M., de Smet, P. (2001). Land Cover Information for European Environmental Modelling. In: Stillwell, J., Scholten, H. (eds) Land Use Simulation for Europe. The GeoJournal Library, vol 63. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0466-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0466-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3895-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0466-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive