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Artificial Intelligence

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Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy

Introduction: A Bit of History

The first scholarly inquiries into artificial intelligence (“AI”) date back to 1943 and are linked to the work of Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in the United States (Russell and Norvig 2010, p. 16). However, the first use of the expression “artificial intelligence” occurred in 1956, when it was adopted by John McCarthy, during a lecture at the Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire (Kaplan 2016, p. 13). Many other papers about the subject were published in the following years, as described by Nilsson (2009, pp. 71–85).

It is worth discussing the “Turing test” – also known as the “imitation game” (Turing 1950, pp. 433–460). In 1950, Alan Turing designed a test to identify whether a machine evolved to the point that it would be able to produce results indistinguishable from the results produced by human actions. A machine that can pass this test could be, according to Turing, called “intelligent.” Despite its historical importance, the Turing test...

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Federal University of Minas Gerais – UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Leonardo Parentoni

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  1. Leonardo Parentoni
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Correspondence to Leonardo Parentoni .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for International & Comparative Law, University of Baltimore School of Law, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Mortimer Sellers

  2. Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, University of Salzburg, Austria, Salzburg, Austria

    Stephan Kirste

Section Editor information

  1. College of Law, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Marcelo Galuppo Ph.D

  2. Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Vitor Medrado

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Parentoni, L. (2020). Artificial Intelligence. In: Sellers, M., Kirste, S. (eds) Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_745-1

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