Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Demography of Sexuality and the Labor Market

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
International Handbook on the Demography of Sexuality

Part of the book series: International Handbooks of Population ((IHOP,volume 5))

Abstract

As of June 2012, 21 states, Washington, D.C., and many localities prohibit discrimination in employment on the basis of sexual orientation. In the majority of U.S. jurisdictions, however, employment decisions based on sexual orientation are not subject to state or local legal restrictions. And, although previously proposed, no federal law exists that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation for hiring, promotion, compensation, or termination decisions. Sexual minorities are consequently legally vulnerable in most of the United States.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Portions of this chapter are revised or reprinted by permission from Same-Sex Partners: The Social Demography of Sexual Orientation by Amanda K. Baumle, D’Lane R. Compton, and Dudley L. Poston Jr., the State University of New York Press ©2009, State University of New York.

References

  • Adams v. Laird. 420 F.2d 230 (D.C. Cir. 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allegretto, S. A., & Arthur, M. M. (2001). An empirical analysis of homosexual/heterosexual male earnings differentials: Unmarried and unequal? Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 54, 631–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D. J., Binder, M., & Krause, K. (2003). The motherhood wage penalty revisited: Experience, heterogeneity, work effort, and work-schedule flexibility. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 56, 273–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antecol, H., Jong, A., & Steinberger, M. (2008). The sexual orientation wage gap: The role of occupational sorting and human capital. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 4, 518–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badgett, M. V. L. (1995). The wage effects of sexual orientation discrimination. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 48, 726–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badgett, M. V. L. (1996). Employment and sexual orientation: Disclosure and discrimination in the workplace. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 4, 29–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badgett, M. V. L. (2001). Money, myths, and change: The economic lives of lesbians and gay men. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badgett, M. V. L., & King, M. C. (1997). Lesbian and gay occupational strategies. In G. Amy & R. Betsy (Eds.), HomoEconomics: Capitalism, community, and lesbian and gay life (pp. 73–85). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumle, A. K. (2004, March 17–20). Sexual orientation and the professions: Occupational segregation and the effect of state antidiscrimination laws. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwestern Sociological Association, Corpus Christi, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumle, A. K. (2009). The cost of parenthood: Unraveling the effects of sexual orientation and gender on income. Social Science Quarterly, 90, 983–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumle, A. K., & Poston, D. L., Jr. (2011). The economic cost of being homosexual: A multilevel analysis. Social Forces, 89, 1005–1031.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumle, A. K., & Compton, D. R. (2012). Beyond the castro: The role of demographics in the selection of gay and lesbian enclaves. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1327–1356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumle, A. K., Compton, D. R., & Poston, D. L., Jr. (2009). Same-sex partners: The demography of sexual orientation. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, N., & Lien, D. (2002). Measuring the effect of sexual orientation on income: Evidence of dis­crimination? Contemporary Economic Policy, 20, 394–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, N., & Lien, D. (2006). Same-sex sexual behavior: U.S. frequency estimates from survey data with simultaneous misreporting and nonresponse. Applied Economics, 38, 757–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, D., Gates, G., Sanders, S., & Taylor, L. (1997). The effects of sexual orientation on the wages of men (Working Paper). Heinz School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, D. A., Makar, H. R., Sanders, S. G., & Taylor, L. (1998). The effects of sexual orientation on earnings (Working Paper). Heinz School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, D., Gates, G., Sanders, S., & Taylor, L. (2000). Demographics of the gay and lesbian population in the United States: Evidence from available systematic data sources. Demography, 37, 139–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, D. A., Makar, H. R., Sanders, S. G., & Taylor, L. J. (2003). The earnings effects of sexual orientation. Industrial and Labor Relation Review, 56, 449–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, D., Gates, G., Sanders, S., & Taylor, L. (2007). The measurement of same-sex unmarried partner couples in the 2000 U.S. census. Los Angeles: California Center for Population Research, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, J. M. (2003). The nexus of sexual orientation and gender in the determination of earnings. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 56, 622–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66, 204–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, C. (2004). New evidence on gay and lesbian household incomes. Contemporary Economic Policy, 22, 78–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clain, S. H., & Leppell, K. (2001). An investigation into sexual orientation discrimination as an explanation for wage differences. Applied Economics, 33, 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crittenden, A. (2001). The price of motherhood: Why the most important job in the world is still the least ­valued. New York: Metropolitan Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, A. (2004). Sexual dissidence, enterprise and assimilation: Bedfellows in urban regeneration. Urban Studies, 41, 1789–1806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, J. E. (1993). Lesbian and gay concerns in career development. In D. Louis (Ed.), Homosexual issues in the workplace (pp. 25–44). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escoffier, J. (1975). Stigmas, work environment, and economic discrimination against homosexuals. Homo­sexual Counseling Journal, 2, 8–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fassinger, R. E. (1993). And gladly teach: Lesbian and gay issues in education. In D. Louis (Ed.), Homosexual issues in the workplace (pp. 119–42). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (1991). Stigma, prejudice and violence against lesbians and gay men. In J. C. Gonsiorek & J. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E., Jr. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil rights: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 336–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klawitter, M. M. (1998). The determinants of earnings for women in same-sex and different-sex couples. Presented at Allied Social Science Associations Meetings, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klawitter, M., & Flatt, V. (1998). The effects of state and local antidiscrimination policies on earnings for gays and lesbians. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 17, 658–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G. B. (2010). Modeling nonprofit employment: Why do so many lesbians and gay men work for nonprofit organizations? Administration & Society, 42, 720–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKeand v. Laird, 490 F.2d 1262 (9th Cir 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Padula v. Webster, 822 F.2d 97, 104 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peplau, L. A., & Fingerhut, A. (2004). The paradox of the lesbian worker. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 719–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, C., Badgett, M. V. L., & Brad, S. (2008). Evidence of employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity complaints filed with state enforcement agencies 1999–2007. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute. Retrieved at: http://www3.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/pdf/PACR.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reskin, B., & Padavic, I. (1994). Women and men at work. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, W. B. (2007). Do gay rights laws matter? 75 S. CAL. L. REV. 65

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, B., & Christy, M. (2011a). Documented evidence of employment discrimination & its effects on LGBT people. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute. Retrieved at http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/workplace/documented-evidence-of-employment-discrimination-its-effects-on-lgbt-people/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, B., & Christy, M. (2011b). Evidence of employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in state and local government: Complaints filed with state enforcement agencies 2003–2007. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute. Retrieved at http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/workplace/evidence-of-employment-discrimination-on-the-basis-of-sexual-orientation-in-state-and-local-government-complaints-filed-with-state-enforcement-agencies-2003–2007/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, L., & Gallagher, M. (2000). The case for marriage: Why married people are happier, healthier, and better off financially. New York: Broadway Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Amanda K. Baumle

Authors
  1. Amanda K. Baumle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amanda K. Baumle .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Sociology, University of Houston, Philip Hoffman Hall 450, Houston, 77204, Texas, USA

    Amanda K. Baumle

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baumle, A.K. (2013). The Demography of Sexuality and the Labor Market. In: Baumle, A. (eds) International Handbook on the Demography of Sexuality. International Handbooks of Population, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5512-3_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation