Skip to main content

Surface Analysis of Silicones

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Advances in Silicon Science ((ADSS,volume 4))

Abstract

As many of the desirable performance differences of silicones are related to their surface properties, it is important to be able analyze their surfaces effectively. This chapter presents an overview of key surface analysis techniques that can provide information on the surface morphology, chemical composition and surface physical properties of silicone materials. These techniques are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. Both fundamentals and applications to the analysis of silicones are covered. It is evident from a consideration of key examples that in many cases it is a combination of these analytical techniques that provides a clearer picture of the surface properties of silicones.

An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3876-8_14

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lichtman D (1975) Comparison of the methods of surface analysis and their applications. In: Czanderna AW (ed) Methods of surface analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 42

    Google Scholar 

  2. Riviere JC (1982) Surface-specific analytical techniques. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 305:545

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Seah MP, Briggs D (1990) A perspective on the analysis of surfaces and interfaces. In: Briggs D, Seah MP (eds) Practical surface analysis, 2nd edn. Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, vol 1. Wiley, New York, pp 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  4. Campbell D, Pethrick RA, White RR (2000) Polymer characterization: physical techniques, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 417

    Google Scholar 

  5. Vickerman JC, Gilmore IS (2009) Surface analysis: the principal techniques, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. http://www.uksaf.org/tech/list.html. Accessed 26 July 2011

  7. http://www.eaglabs.com/techniques/analytical_techniques/. Accessed 26 July 2011

  8. Czichos H, Saito T, Smith LM (2006) Springer handbook of materials measurement methods. Springer, Berlin, pp 153–158

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. http://www.eaglabs.com/solutions/application/materialcharacterization.php. Accessed 26 July 2011

  10. Gilmore IS, Seah MP, Johnstone JE (2003) Quantification issues in ToF-SSIMS and AFM co-analysis in two-phase systems, exampled by a polymer blend. Surf Interface Anal 35:888–896

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Aroca RF, Ross DJ, Domingo C (2004) Surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 58:324A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen Z, Shen YR, Somorjai GA (2002) Studies of polymer surfaces by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 53:37–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Griffiths P, De Haseth JA (2007) Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. Colthrup NB, Daly LH, Wilberley SE (1990) Introduction to infrared and raman spectroscopy, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  15. Burns DA, Ciurczak EW (2007) Handbook of near-infrared analysis, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  16. http://www.spectroscopynow.com/coi/cda/home.cda?chId=2. Accessed 26 July 2011

  17. Lipp ED, Smith AL (1991) Infrared, raman, near-infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy. In: Smith AL (ed) The analytical chemistry of silicones. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sakai Y, Iijima Y, Asakawa D, Hiraoka K (2010) XPS depth profiling of polystyrene etched by electrospray droplet impact. Surf Interface Anal 42:658–661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Miyayama T, Sanada N, Suzuki M, Hammond JS, Si S-QD, Takahara A (2010) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of polyimide thin films with Ar cluster ion depth profiling. J Vac Sci Technol, A, Vac Surf Films 28:L1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Watts JF, Wolstenholme J (2003) An introduction to surface analysis by XPS and AES. Wiley, Chichester

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Clark DT, Dilks A, Peeling J, Thomas RH (1975) Applications of ESCA to studies of structure and bonding in polymers. Faraday Disc Chem Soc 60:183–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Duel LA, Owen MJ (1983) ESCA studies of silicone release coatings. J Adhes 16:49–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Alexander MR, Short RD, Jones FR, Stollenwerk M, Zabold J, Michaeli W (1996) An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation into the chemical structure of deposits formed from hexamethyldisiloxane oxygen plasmas. J Mater Sci 31:1879–1885

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Beamson G, Briggs D (1992) High resolution XPS of organic polymers—the scienta ESCA300 database. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  25. Noll W (1968) Chemistry and technology of silicones. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  26. Morra M, Ochiello E, Marola R, Garbassi F, Humphrey P, Johnson DJ (1990) On the ageing of oxygen plasma-treated polydimethylsiloxane sufaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 137:11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fakes DW, Newton JM, Watts JF, Edgell MJ (1987) Surface modification of a contact lens co-polymer by plasma-discharge treatments. Surf Interface Anal 10:416–423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ward LJ, Schofield WCE, Badyal JPS, Goodwin AJ, Merlin PJ (2003) Atmospheric pressure glow discharge deposition of polysiloxanes and SiO x films. Langmuir 19:2110–2114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Alexander MR, Short RD, Jones FR, Michaeli W, Blomfield CJ (1999) A study of HMDSO/O2 plasma deposits using a high-sensitivity and -energy resolution XPS instrument: curve-fitting of the Si 2p core level. Appl Surf Sci 137:179–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hillborg H, Ankner JF, Gedde UW, Smith GD, Yasuda HK, Wilkström K (2000) Crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane exposed to oxygen plasma studied by neutron reflectometry and other surface specific techniques. Polymer 41:6851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Roualdes S, Berjoan R, Durand J (2001) 29Si NMR and Si 2p XPS correlation in polysiloxane membranes prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Sep Purif Technol 25:391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. O’Hare L-A, Parbhoo B, Leadley SR (2004) Development of a methodology for XPS curve-fitting of the Si 2p core level of siloxane materials. Surf Interface Anal 36:1427–1434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. O’Hare L-A, Hynes A, Alexander MR (2007) A methodology for curve-fitting of the XPS Si 2p core level from thin siloxane coatings. Surf Interface Anal 39:926–936

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. O’Hare L-A (2005) Surface characterization of atmospheric pressure plasma-modified and -deposited polymers. Dow Corning Ltd and the Open University

    Google Scholar 

  35. Roth J, Albrecht V, Nitscke M, Bellman C, Simon F, Zscoche S, Michel S, Luhmann C, Grundke K, Voit B (2011) Tailoring the surface properties of silicone elastomers to improve adhesion of epoxy topcoat. J Adhes Sci Technol 25:1–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Owen MJ (2010) Fluorosilicones in advances in silicones and silicone-modified materials. In: Clarson S (ed) ACS symposium series. Am Chem Soc, Washington, Chap 9

    Google Scholar 

  37. Zisman WA (1964) Contact angles, wettability and adhesion. In: Fowkes FM (ed) Advances in chemistry series, vol 43. Am Chem Soc, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  38. Conrad MPC (2009) Synthesis, characterization and thermal decomposition of hybrid and reverse fluorosilicones. Dissertation. University of Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  39. Clark DT, Kilcast D, Musgrave WKR (1971) J Chem Soc, Chem Commun 4:517

    Google Scholar 

  40. Clark DT, Kilcast D, Musgrave WKR (1973) J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 11:389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Beamson G, Briggs D (2000) The XPS of Polymers Database, SurfaceSpectra Ltd. (Manchester UK) © 2000 http://www.surfacespectra.com

  42. Tuteja A, Choi W, Ma M, Mabry JM, Mazzella SA, Rutledge GC, McKinley GH, Cohen RE (2007) Science 318:1618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mabry JM, Vij A, Iacono ST, Viers BD (2008) Angew Chem, Int Ed Engl 47:4137–4140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chen L, Hook DJ, Valint PL, Gardella JA (2008) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of water-induced surface reorientation of amphiphilic poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-g-dimethylsiloxane) copolymers using cryogenic sample handling techniques. J Vac Sci Technol, A, Vac Surf Films 26:616–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ponjée MWG, Reijme MA, Denier van der Gon AW, Brongersma HH, Langeveld-Voss BMW (2002) Intermolecular segregation of siloxane in P3HT: surface quantification and molecular surface-structure. Polymer 43:77–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ramamoorthy A, Rahman M, Mooney DA, MacElroy JMD, Dowling DP (2008) Thermal stability studies of atmospheric plasma deposited siloxane films deposited on VycorTM+ glass. Surf Coat Technol 202:4130–4136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ramamoorthy A, Rahman M, Mooney DA, MacElroy JMD, Dowling DP (2009) The influence of process parameters on chemistry, roughness and morphology of siloxane films deposited by an atmospheric plasma jet system. Plasma Proces Polym 6:S530–S536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Boscher ND, Choquet P, Duday D, Verdier S (2010) Chemical compositions of organosilicone thin films deposited on aluminium foil by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge and their electrochemical behavior. Surf Coat Technol 205:2438–2448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Xu Y, Yin H, Yuan S, Chen Z (2009) Film morphology and orientation of amino silicone adsorbed onto cellulose substrate. Appl Surf Sci 255:8435–8442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cao S, Deng X, Liu B, Luo R, Chen J (2006) The preparation and characterization of a novel siloxane biomaterial. Polym Compos 14:833–840

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Egitto FD, Matienzo LJ (2006) Transformation of poly(dimethylsiloxane) into thin surface films of SiO x by UV/Ozone treatment. Part I: factors affecting modification. J Mater Sci 41:6362–6373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Morra M, Occhiello E, Marola R, Garbassi F, Humphrey P, Johnson D (1990) On the ageing of oxygen plasma-treated polydimethylsiloxane surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 137:11–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Roth J, Albrecht V, Nitscke M, Bellman C, Simon F, Zscoche S, Michel S, Luhmannm C, Grundke K, Voit B (2008) Surface functionalization of silicone rubber for permanent adhesion improvement. Langmuir 24:12603–12611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. O’Neill L, Shephard N, Leadley SR, O’Hare L-A (2008) Atmospheric pressure plasma polymerized primer to promote adhesion of silicones. J. Adhes 84:562–577

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Nwankire CE, Dowling DP (2010) Influence of atmospheric plasma deposited coatings on the adhesion of silicone elastomer to stainless steel. J Adhes Sci Technol 24:1291–1302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ahn D, Shephard NE, Olney PA, McMillan CS (2007) Thermal gradient enabled XPS analysis of PDMS elastomer adhesion to polycarbonate. Macromolecules 40:3904–3906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Mahoney CM, Gardella JA, Rosenfeld JC (2002) Surface characterization and adhesive properties of poly(imidesiloxane) copolymer containing multiple siloxane segment lengths. Macromolecules 35:5256–5266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Perz SV, McMillan CS, Owen MJ (2001) Wettability of fluorosilicone surfaces. In: Castner DG, Grainger DW (eds) Fluorinated surfaces, coatings and films. ACS symposium series. Am Chem Soc, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ren L, Yin S, Zhao L, Wang Y, Chen H, Qu J (2008) Appl Surf Sci 255:473–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Yin S, Ren Y, Zhao L, Juang T, Chen H, Qu J (2008) Appl Surf Sci 255:483–485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Nwankire CE, Favaro G, Duong Q-H, Dowling DP (2011) Enhancing the mechanical properties of superhydrophobic atmospheric pressure plasma deposited siloxane coatings. Plasma Proces Polym 8:305–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Guan G-M, Lo Z-H, Qiu J-J, Tang P-P (2010) Eur Polym J 46:1582–1593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Thanawala SK, Chaudhury MK (2000) Langmuir 16:1256–1260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ghosh N, Bajoria A, Vaidya AA (2009) ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1:2636–2644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Guan C-M, Luo Z-H, Qiu J-J, Tang P-P (2010) Eur Polym J 46:1582–1593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Davies MC, Lyn RAP (1990) Crit Rev Biocompat 5:297

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Vickerman JC (1987) Chemistry in Britain, October, 969

    Google Scholar 

  68. Dong X, Proctor A, Hercules DM (1997) Characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane)s by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 30:63–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Briggs D (1992) Static SIMS—surface analysis of organic materials. In: Briggs D, Seah MP (eds) Practical surface analysis, 2nd edn. Ion and neutral spectroscopy, vol 2. Wiley, New York, pp 367–423

    Google Scholar 

  70. Briggs D (1998) Surface analysis of polymers by XPS and static SIMS. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  71. Henderson A, Briggs D, Vickerman JC (eds) (2006) The SurfaceSpectra static SIMS library: version 4, SurfaceSpectra Ltd

    Google Scholar 

  72. Inoue M, Murase A, Sugira M (2004) Molecular weight evaluation of poly(dimethylsiloxane) on solid surfaces using silver deposition/TOF-SIMS. Anal Sci 20:1623–1628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Yang L, Shirahata N, Saini G, Zhang F, Pei L, Asplund MC, Kurth DG, Ariga K, Sautter K, Nakanishi T, Smentkowski V, Linford MR (2009) Effect of surface free energy on PDMS transfer in microcontact printing and its application to TOF-SIMS to probe surface energies. Langmuir 25:5674–5683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Glasmaester K, Gold J, Andersson A-S, Sutherland DS, Kasemo B (2003) Silicone transfer during microcontact printing. Langmuir 19:5475–5483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Yunus S, de Crombrugghe de Looringhe C, Poleunis C, Delcorte A (2007) Diffusion of oligomers from polydimethylsiloxane stamps on microcontact printing: surface analysis and possible applications. Surf Interface Anal 39:922–925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hale PS, Kappen P, Prissanaroon W, Brack N, Pigram PJ, Liesegang J (2007) Minimizing silicone transfer during micro-contact printing. Appl Surf Sci 253:3746–3750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Graham DJ, Price DD, Ratner BD (2002) Solution assembled and microcontact printed monolayers of dodecanethiol on gold: a multivariate exploration of chemistry and contamination. Langmuir 18:1518–1527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hauser J, Zietlow J, Koeller M, Esenwein SA, Halfmann H, Awakowicz P, Steinau HU (2009) Enhanced cell adhesion to silicone implant material through plasma surface modification. J Mater Sci, Mater Med 20:2541–2548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Delcorte A, Befahy S, Poleunis C, Troosters M, Bertrand P (2004) Improvement of metal adhesion to silicone films: a TOF-SIMS study. In: Mittal KL (ed) Adhesion aspects of thin films, vol 2, VSP, pp 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  80. Zhuang H, Gardella JA, Hercules DM (1997) Determination of the distribution of poly(dimethylsiloxane) segment lengths at the surface of poly[(dimethylsiloxane)-urethane]-segmented copolymers by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 30:1153–1157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Chen J, Gardella JA (1998) Solvent effects on the surface composition of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-co-polystyrene/polystyrene blends. Macromolecules 31:9328–9336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hinder SJ, Lowe C, Maxted JT, Watts JF (2005) Migration and segregation phenomena of a silicone additive in a multilayer organic coating. Prog Org Coat 54:104–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Berthiaume MD, Merrifield JH, Riccio DA (1995) Effects of silicone pretreatment on oxidative hair damage. J Soc Cosmet Chem 46:231–245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Brown MA, Hutchins TA, Garmsky CJ, Wagner MS, Page SH, Marsh JM (2010) Liquid crystal colloidal structures for increased silicone deposition efficiency on colour-treated hair. Sci Int J Cosmetic 32:193–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Davidson MW, Abramowitz M (2011) Optical microscopy, online at http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/pdfs/microscopy.pdf. Accessed 26 July 2011

  86. Microscopy Resource Center (2011) Olympus America, online resource at http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/anatomy/anatomy.html. Accessed 26 July 2011

  87. MicroscopyU, Nikon, online resource available at http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/digitalimaging/. Accessed 26 July 2011

  88. Murphy D (2001) Fundamentals of light microscopy and electronic imaging. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  89. Sawyer L, Grubbs D, Meyers G (2008) Polymer microscopy, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  90. Goldstein J, Newbury D, Joy DC, Lyman CE, Echlin P, Lifshin E, Sawyer L, Michael JR (2003) Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  91. Michler GH (2008) Electron microscopy of polymers. Springer Laboratory

    Google Scholar 

  92. http://www.chems.msu.edu/resources/tutorials/SEM. Accessed 26 July 2011

  93. http://mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/home.html. Accessed 26 July 2011

  94. http://www.microscopy-analysis.com/electron/learn-develop/tutorials

  95. Guryca V, Hobzova R, Pradny M, Sirc J, Michalek J (2007) Surface morphology of contact lenses probed with microscopy techniques. Contact lens anterior eye. J Br Contact Lens Assoc 30:215–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Critchlow GW, Litychfield RE, Sutherland I, Grandy DB, Wilson S (2006) A review and comparative study of release coatings for optimized abhesion in resin transfer moulding applications. Int J Adhes Adhes 26:577–599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Polizos G, Tuncer E, Qiu X, Aytug T, Kidder M, Messman JM, Sauers I (2011) Nonfunctionalized polydimethylsiloxane superhydrophobic surfaces based on hydrophobic–hydrophilic interactions. Langmuir 27:2953–2957

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lin M-H, Chen C-F, Shiu J-W, Chen C-H, Gwo S (2009) Multilength-scale chemical patterning of self-assembled monolayers by spatially controlled plasma exposure: nanometer to centimeter range. J Am Chem Soc 131:10984–10991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Arce FT, Avci R, Beech IB, Cooksey KE, Wigglesworth-Cooksey B (2006) Modification of surface properties of a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based elastomer, TRV11, upon exposure to seawater. Langmuir 22:7217–7225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Allwork SP, Norton R (1976) Surface ultrastructure of silicone rubber aortic valve poppets after long-term implantation. A scanning electron microscope study of four poppets. Thoirax 31:742–752

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Freeman HA, Henrich RT (1991) Evaluation of silicone breast implant surfaces by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In: Microbeam analysis, San Francisco 26th, pp 19–20

    Google Scholar 

  102. Wickham MG, Rudolph R, Abraham JL (1978) Silicon identification in prosthesis-associated fibrous capsules. Science 27:437–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Sauermann G, Duesing HJ, Kopplow HJ, Roemling E, Wittern W (1979) Effect of silicone oil-containing skin products. Aerztliche Kosmetologie 9:110–112, 114, 116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Ratner BD, Hoffman AS (1980) Surface characterization of hydrophilic-hydrophobic copolymer model systems. I. A preliminary study. Polymer Science and Technology (Plenum), 12B (Adhes Adsorption Polym, Part B) 691–706

    Google Scholar 

  105. Wilson JE, Freeman HA (1981) Analysis of silicone-coated papers with the scanning electron microprobe. Tappi J 64:95–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Vlastos A, Gubanski S (1991) Surface structural changes of naturally aged silicone and EPDM composite insulators. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 6:888–890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Feng L, Li S, Li Y, Li H, Zhai J, Song Y, Liu B, Jiang L, Zhu D (2002) Super-hydrophobic surfaces: from natural to artificial. Adv Mater 14:1857–1860

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Ghosh N, Bajoria A, Vaidya AA (2009) Surface chemical modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based biomimetic materials: oil repellant surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1:2636–2644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Longley JE, Chaudhury MK (2010) Determination of the modulus of thin sol-gel films using buckling instability. Macromolecules 43:680–681

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Kanamori K, Nakanishi K, Hirao K, Jinnai J (2003) Interface-directed web-to-pillar transition of microphase-separated siloxane gels. Langmuir 19:9101–9103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Takoa H, Okoshi M, Inoue N (2004) Swelling and modification of silicone surface by F2 laser irradiation. Appl Phys A 79:1571–1574

    Google Scholar 

  112. Orhan J-B, Parashar VK, Flueckiger J, Gijs MAM (2008) Internal modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels with borosilicate glass coating. Langmuir 24:9154–9161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Patrito N, McCague C, Norton PR, Petersen NO (2001) Spatially controlled cell adhesion via micropatterned surface modification of poly(dimethyl siloxane). Langmuir 23:715–719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Voelcker N, Klee D, Hoecker H, Langefeld S (2001) Functionalization of silicone rubber for the covalent immobilization of fibronectin. J Mater Sci, Mater Med 12:111–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Barrios CA, Qingwei X, Cutright T, Newby BZ (2005) Incorporating zosteric acid into silicone coatings to achieve its slow release while reducing fresh water bacterial attachment. Colloids Surf B, Biointerfaces 41:83–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Vilville P, Lazzaroni R (2003) Impact of silicone-based block copolymer surfactants on the surface and bulk microscopic organization of a biodegradable polymer, poly(e-caprolactone). Biomacromolecules 4:696–703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Yan P, Qiu L (2009) Preparation and characterisation of polysiloxane-acrylate latexes with MPS-PDMS oligomer as macromonomer. J Appl Polym Sci 114:760–768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Keüpczyn’ski M, Lewandowska J, Romek M, Zapotoczny S, Ganachaud F, Nowakowska M (2007) Silicone nanocapsules templated inside the membranes of catanionic vesicles. Langmuir 23:7314–7320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ogoshi T, Fujiwara T, Bertolucci M, Galli G, Chiellini E, Chujo Y, Wynne KJ (2004) Tapping mode AFM evidence for an amorphous reticular phase in a condensation-cured hybrid elastomer: alpha, omega-dihydroxypoly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(diethoxysiloxane)/fumed silica nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 126:12284–12285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Le HH, Ilisch S, Radusch H-J, Steinberger H (2008) Macro- and microdispersion of carbon black in liquid silicone rubbers. Plast Rubber Compos 37:367–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Purohit P, Somasundaran P, Kulkarni R (2006) Study of properties of modified silicones at solid-liquid interface: fabric–silicone interactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 298:987–990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. La Torre C, Bhushan B, Yang J-Z, Torgersen PM (2006) Nanotribological effects of silicone type, silicone deposition level and surfactant type on human hair using atomic force microscopy. J Cosmet Sci 57:37–56

    Google Scholar 

  123. Gonzales-Meijome JM, Lopez-Alemany A, Almeida JB, Parafita MA (2008) Surface AFM microscopy of unworn and worn samples of silicone hydrogel contact lenses. J Biomed Mater Res, Part B, Appl Biomater 88B:75–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher McMillan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Leadley, S., O’Hare, LA., McMillan, C. (2012). Surface Analysis of Silicones. In: Owen, M., Dvornic, P. (eds) Silicone Surface Science. Advances in Silicon Science, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3876-8_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics