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Origins of Mitochondria and Plastids

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Genomics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 35))

Summary

The evolution of mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts) by endosymbiosis is a central tenet of modern eukaryotic cell biology. Evidence in support of a prokaryotic ancestry for these textbook organelles is now stronger than ever, but despite decades of genomics-enabled research, fundamental questions about the earliest events leading to their establishment remain unanswered. Foremost among them is the precise nature of the cells involved in these endosymbiotic mergers. Mitochondria and plastids are traditionally considered to be the products of independent, but fundamentally similar, endosymbioses involving eukaryotic hosts and bacterial endosymbionts. Such a model still holds true for plastids, but increasingly it appears that mitochondria could have evolved in a fashion quite different from this ‘classical’ scenario. In this introductory chapter we provide an overview of the primary endosymbiotic origins of mitochondria and plastids, focusing on advances coming from the latest comparative genomic and proteomic investigations. In the case of plastids, the recently evolved photosynthetic ‘organelles’ of the testate amoeba Paulinella provide a possible window on the ancient origin of canonical plastids and are thus also discussed in detail.

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Abbreviations

CSS –:

Cellular signature structure;

ER –:

Endoplasmic reticulum;

ESP –:

Eukaryotic signature protein;

EST –:

Expressed sequence tag;

GTA –:

Gene transfer agent;

HGT –:

Horizontal gene transfer;

ISC –:

Iron–sulfur cluster;

LECA –:

Last eukaryotic common ancestor;

MRO –:

Mitochondrion-related organelle;

MS –:

Mass spectrometry;

PFO –:

Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase;

PGK –:

Phosphoglycerate kinase;

TCA –:

Tricarboxylic acid;

Tic –:

Translocater of the inner chloroplast membrane;

Toc –:

Translocater of the outer chloroplast membrane

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Programs in Evolutionary Biology and Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, for long-term research support and collaborative opportunities. MWG gratefully acknow­ledges past support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Canada Research Chairs Program, and current support from the Tula Foundation. JMA gratefully acknowledges CIHR and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for research funding and the CIHR New Investigator Program for salary support.

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    Michael W. Gray & John M. Archibald

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Gray, M.W., Archibald, J.M. (2012). Origins of Mitochondria and Plastids. In: Bock, R., Knoop, V. (eds) Genomics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2920-9_1

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