Abstract
[B.) Problems of Temporality]
[43/7134 ]
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
All of the headings are added on the basis of the Table of Contents Schutz added to the end of the manuscript written in the Summer of 1936. See above, p. II./7061.
- 2.
Schutz refers here to sections I and II of Chapter II, B, as well as to the corresponding thematic catalogue of 1936 (above, p 7/7075). There is no further development of this arrangement from 1937 to be found in the Nachlass. Judging from his pagination of this text (pp. 1–118) we presume that Schutz did not work out this section any further in the 1937 phase of his work.
- 3.
See Husserl, Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins. Herausgegeben von Martin Heidegger. Jahrbuch fur Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, Bd. IX, Halle a.d.S.: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1928, §§34ff, and Beilage VI. (Edmund Husserl, The Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness, edited by Martin Heidegger, Translated by James S. Churchill, introduction by Calvin O. Schrag. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964; On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893–1917). Translated by John Barnett Brough; Edmund Husserl, Collected Works, vol. 4. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990).
- 4.
For the paradoxes of Zeno see Simplikios as well as Aristotle (Physics, Book Z, 0); see Diels/Walther Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin: Heinemann6, 1952, Fragments 29B1-B3, and 29 A25-A28; (see Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers. A Complete translation of the Fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956.). For Malebranche, see his Traite de la nature etde la grace (1680).
- 5.
Schutz borrowed the concept of “fringes” from William James; see William James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), Vol. I, Chapter IX. Schutz had already employed the concept in his early manuscript, “Erleben, Sprache und Begriff” (1925), translating “fringes” by “Wortfransen.” His later development of the concept may be found in his essay on William James, “William James’ Concept of the Stream of Thought Phenomenologically Interpreted” (1941), CP, III, pp. 1–14. See also the references in the correspondence with Gurwitsch concerning “On Multiple Realities.”
- 6.
Gottfried Keller, Der grüne Heinrich, in Sämtliche Werke, edited by Thomas Boning/Gerhard Kaiser, Bd. 2 (Erste Fassung, 1854/55, Bd. 3 (Zweite Fassung 1878/80), Frankfurt/M.: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1985.
- 7.
- 8.
In this connection, cf. the concept of “protocol sentences” introduced by the Vienna Circle, i.e., those sentences accepted as able to mirror immediate experience. See Otto Neurath, “Protokollsätze,” in Erkenntnis 3, 1932/33, pp. 204 ff.; and Rudolf Carnap, “Über Protokollsätze,” in Erkenntnis, 3, 1932/33, pp. 215 ff. He subscribes to Carnap’s concept of “Protokollsprache,” in “Die physikalische Sprache als Universalsprache der Wissenschaft,” in Erkenntnis, 2, 1931, pp. 432 ff., as well as in “Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache,” in Erkenntnis, 2, 1931, pp. 219 ff.
- 9.
See Husserl, Formale und transzendentale Logik, §74.
- 10.
The concept of “consciousness of somatic presence” refers back to the concept of “somatic feeling of life” [somatischen Lebensgefühl} which Schutz, under the influence of Bergson’s concept of elan vital, developed in “Lebensformen und Sinnstruktur” (see pp. 77 ff.). The concept was linked to our pre-reflective self-experiencing. While the somatic feeling of life rests upon our kinaesthetic perceptions, thus upon the difference between body and organism, the concept of consciousness of somatic presence adds to the discussion our experience of our own duration.
- 11.
See Bergson, L’Energie spirituelle, Chapter VI; Matter and Memory, pp. 22 ff., and Time and Free Will, pp. 128 ff.
- 12.
In what follows Schutz refers to his analyses of the worlds surrounding us, contemporary to us, of our predecessors and our successors in Sinnhafte Aufbau, §§33 ff., which he developed departing from the concept of the pragmatic genesis of the social person and “public” time.
- 13.
In this connection, see Schutz/Luckmann, Structures of the Life World, Vol. I, Chapter II, Section B 4.
- 14.
See above, p. 7/7075 of the 1936 manuscript.
- 15.
Immortality is understood here in the sense of the impossibility of being unable to represent to myself, as active consciousness, the cessation of its activity. We also find here the difference between Kant’s and Husserl’s conception of thinking as a formal or as a material apriori.
- 16.
For Kierkegaard, see the Concept of Dread; for Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, §§29, 31, 38, 58,68b.
- 17.
See Plato, Meno, 81d ff., Phaedo, 74d ff. For the reference to Nietzsche, see Ecce homo as well as the controversy with the Pythagorean doctrine of the eternal return in “Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben,” in Unzeitgemäßen Betrachtung, II.(“On the Use and Abuse of History” in Meditations Out of Season).
- 18.
In this connection, in the context of the analyses of the theme of relevance, see the unpublished typescript in the Nachlass, “Philosophie der Leerstelle.”
- 19.
The probability or likelihood that acts of the self later on will be fulfilled is grounded in the concatenation of relevances and experiences of the self now, which, in turn, refer back to the stock of experience of the self before now. This set of problems is dealt with by Schutz in his essay, “Teiresias or our Knowledge of Future Events,” CP, II, pp. 277 ff.
- 20.
Schutz refers here to a section of the manuscript on “The Problem of Personality” which he did not complete. The set of problems of subjective and objective probabilities of action are dealt with later in his essay, “Choosing Among Projects of Action,”. Working out this theme occurs at the time of his renewed interest in the problem of relevance. In the manuscripts and typescripts of this period, and in the essay, “On Multiple Realities,” CP, I, pp. 207 ff. Schutz further develps the problems formulated here.
- 21.
See Goethe, Gedichte und Epen, I, “Urworte,” “Urworte. Orphisch: Daimon, Damon, Z. 1–4: ‘Wie an dem Tag, der dich der Welt verliehen, /Die Sonne stand zum Grüsse der Planeten, / Bist also bald und fort und fort gediehen / Nach dem Gesetz, wonach du angetreten.’” (See above, p. 10/7078).
- 22.
In error, Schutz wrote “perfecti habitas.” The term expresses the idea of something which contains in itself its own goal and accordingly fully realizes itself. Schutz refers here to the translation of the concept of “entelechy” into Latin by Hermolaus Barbarus mentioned by Leibniz; see Leibniz, Monadology, §48, as well as Théodicée I, §87.
- 23.
Schutz refers to Heidegger’s concept of fundamental dread; see Sein und Zeit, §40. In his essay “On Multiple Realities,” and again in “Symbol, Reality and Society,” the phenomenon of “dread” or “anxiety” is interpreted as the basic anthropological motive of action in the world which serves to overcome its transcendence. Both essays are reprinted in Collected Papers 1.
- 24.
See Leibniz, Théodicée, II, §170.
- 25.
All the additions are based on the Table of Contents which Schutz established for the manuscript in the Summer of 1936. See above, p. II./7061.
- 26.
Here Schutz takes up anew the theme of the multiple stratifications of the life forms (see “Lebensformen und Sinnstruktur,” pp. 42 ff.) working out in detail the later arguments of “On Multiple Realities.”
- 27.
See above, pp. 30 ff. {55 ff.}, the section on “The Role of the Body,” for Schutz’s definition of “working.”
- 28.
For the following, see Sinnhafte Aufbau, §§6, 8–12, and 30–32.
- 29.
For this concept, see below, 88/7179-118/7210, and “On Multiple Realities,” CP, I.
- 30.
Cf for the following systemizing what Thomas Luckmann provided in the framework of his editing of Schutz’s posthumous Strukturen der Lebenswelt (1958, II-2), in Schutz/Luckmann, Strukturen der Lebenswelt II (1984-1-1), Chapter V, pp. 11 ff.
- 31.
Cf. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Chapter I, §2.
- 32.
Cf. Leibniz, Nouveaux Essais, §§15., 72 f. and Théodicée, §§290 ff., 323, 403.
- 33.
Here Schutz follows Max Scheler’s limiting of the adequacy of the pragmatic access to the situation of human beings in the relative natural attitude. Cf. Scheler, Die Wissensformen und die Gesellschaft (1926), in Gesammelte Werke, Vol 8, pp. 212 ff. (ed. Maria Scheler, Bern/München: Francke (3rd) 1980).
- 34.
Working thus constitutes inner and outer actuality, as Schutz had already developed it in the manuscript of “Lebensformen und Sinnstruktur,” and in the analysis there of the “life-forms of the active self” (1927-II-I), p. 87.
- 35.
Accordingly, not only does the noetic meaning arise by virtue of the reflective turn socially stamped, but also the noematic meaning of experiencing the life-world in working. As a result Schutz sets aside an unclarity of the exposition of the process of constituting meaning in Sinnhaften Aufbau where he had not made thematic the noematic meaning of experiencing and exclusively traced out the noetic acts of constitution in the domain of working.
- 36.
In this connection, see Bergson, Time and Free Will, pp. 95 ff.; Creative Evolution, pp. 162 ff., 180 ff.; also Mind-Energy, translated by H. Wildon Carr, New York: Henry Holt & Co, 1948 [1920], pp. 29 ff., 68 ff.
- 37.
For the metaphor of marble, see Leibniz, Nouveau Essais, Avant-Propos, I, 1, §25. For the image of the “perforated” lines, see Bergson, Time and Free Will, pp. 102 ff. Schutz employs this image from the time of his work on the manuscript of “Lebensformen und Sinnstruktur” (1927).
- 38.
Appendix based on table of contents; cf. above, pp. III./7062.
- 39.
In the manuscript, the word “wirkenden” (“working”) is crossed out.
- 40.
In the manuscript, “dessen, der da wirkt” (of the self working there) is crossed out.
- 41.
In the original, it reads “the immediate core of reality of my working.” The words, “of my working,” are crossed out.
- 42.
See the previous discussions in Part II (C, 3) of the 1936 mss, pp. 12/7080 ff., as well as Leibniz, Nouveatix Essais, II, 4, §§4 f.; Bergson, Matter and Memory, pp. 16 ff., 33 ff., 152ff, and Max Sender’s study of “Erkenntnis und Arbeit,” in Die Wissensformen und die Gesellschaft, pp. 363ff (in relation to Dilthey).
- 43.
In this connection, see the analysis of the life-forms of the “acting self in the earlier manuscript on “Lebensformen und Sinnstruktur,” pp. 87 f.
- 44.
For the epoché of the natural attitude, i.e., the bracketing of doubt, see the passages in Schutz’s “On Multiple Realities,” pp. 226 ff.; Husserl, Ideen I, §§3If.; Cartesianishe Meditationen, §§11,15; Krisis, § § 17 f.
- 45.
In the original, followed by the word, “working,” which is crossed out.
- 46.
In the orginal, followed by the crossed-out words, “it is its world of working. But we have already stated that this world of working is articulated into many perspectives, that with respect to which these perspectives <are unified> with one another.”
- 47.
Here Schutz proposes his answer to Husserl’s question, “How is the world accepted?” [“Wie gilt die Welt”]. While for Husserl the meaning, thus the acceptance, of the world is constituted in the acts of transcendental consciousness (cf. especially Krisis, §§48 ff.), for Schutz, as he indicates here, acts of behavior qua working belong to the constitution of world-acceptance.
- 48.
See Husserl, Formale und transzendentale Logik, §74.
- 49.
This “later place” is not to be found in the manuscript of 1937. But see Sinnhafte Aufbau, §47.
- 50.
See Leibniz, Nouveaux Essais, II, 21, §§9, 72; Théodicée, §§59, 65, 290,301.
- 51.
Crossed out in the original, “prototype.”
- 52.
Addition on the basis of the table of contents; see above, III.7062.
- 53.
Here Schutz refers to the undeveloped sections D and E of Chapter Two corresponding to the outline of 1936. (See above III/7062 as well as the relevant thematic catalogue, 21/7090).
- 54.
Schutz rerfers here to the undeveloped Chapters V and VI (“Methodological Consequences” and “The Problem of Personality and the Praxis of the Social Sciences” in the outline of 28 July, 1936 (1/7060).
- 55.
While here Schutz resorts to Bergson’s concept of the levels or degrees of attention à la vie (see Bergson, Matter and Memory, pp. 153 ff.), 8 years later in “On Multiple Realities” he refers to James’ concept of the “subuniverses of reality” (see James, The Principles of Psychology, II, Chapter XXI). For the reference to the “leap” in Kierkegaard, see The Concept of Dread, Philosophical Fragments, and the Concluding Unscientific Postscript.
- 56.
Schutz’s conclusion refers to the unfinished Chapter V of the outline of 28 July, 1936, “On Methodological Consequences” (cf. I./7060). Schutz takes up the inquiry later on in his essay, “Common-sense and Scientific Interpretation of Human Action” (1953). {CP, I, pp. 3 ff.}
- 57.
The impossibility of spectators to do anything in the world of the work of art already designated for Schutz in his early writings the difference between ordinary life and phantasy; see espc. the mss. “Meaning Structure of the Novel: Goethe.” The typology referred to of “multiple realities” led Schutz to his work, “On Multiple Realties.”
- 58.
This is one of two textual variants of this paragraph. The version inserted in the text here is considered the final revision because of its fewer corrections. See below, p. 95 for the second version.
- 59.
Here Schutz plainly refers to the three cases of the typology of the pragma in the present manuscript (cf. 71/7163f), even though the “fiat” does not arise as a special feature. According to this typology, phantasying falls under the fourth case.
- 60.
In the original manuscript, at the beginning of the paragraph, and crossed out, is the following: “We begin with the most important finding… <crossed out,> example… < illegible > the phantasying self never works, although its phantasying undoubtedly is an action, and it is also possible to phantasy itself as working. If the self works, it never does so in the phantasma but always only in reality. But how?”
- 61.
See the almost literally corresponding passage about Don Quijote in “On Multiple Realities,” CP I, pp. 236 f. See also Schutz’s essay, “Don Quijote and the Problem of Reality,” CP II, pp. 141 ff.
- 62.
In the original manuscript the following section deviates from the table of contents by being designated as b).
- 63.
The greater part of this section is taken over in the essay “On Multiple Realities,” CP I, pp. 240 ff.
- 64.
Footnote of Alfred Schutz in manuscript: “We have here a major difference with the world of phantasy. In the latter the self continues to apperceive, but the interpretational scheme of these apperceptions is radically other than the pragmatically conditioned apperceptions in the world of working.” Comment of Editor: In this connection in the essay, “On Multiple Realities,” pp. 240 ff. Schutz refers to Bergson’s L’Énergie spirituelle, pp. 91–116.
- 65.
Later, in “On Multiple Realities,” in this place Schutz refers to Freud’s article, “Psychoanalysis,” in the Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th ed. Vol. 18, p. 673, where Freud makes reference to certain problems with this three-fold division.
- 66.
This “dialectical difficulty” which later on Schutz details in “On Multiple Realities, and which has already arisen in Bergson (Time and Free Will, pp. 14 ff. ) as well as in Husserl’s phenomenology, is related to the problem of the communication of experiences transcending daily life within the world of working. The upshot of the difficulty is that communication is a relation of working par excellence and thus always belongs to the everyday world of working. Later on Schutz tries to resolve this difficulty in his theory of “appresentative systems” in his essay, “Symbol, Reality and Society” (CP I, pp. 287 ff.) The locution, “indirect communication,” Schutz borrows from Kierkegaard for whom it means that the person addressed must make himself attentive to himself and be provoked to an intensified inwardnesss (cf. Concluding Unscientific Postscript, p. 68, footnote, 70 ff., 246 ff.)
- 67.
Cf. Leibniz, Monadology, §7.
- 68.
In the original the superscript is found under the division c) in deviation from the table of contents.
- 69.
In this connection, see Schutz’s manuscript on “Lebensformen und Sinnstruktur” dealing with the “life-form of the thinking, conceptual self” as well as the corresponding passages in “On Multiple Realities,” CP I, pp. 245 ff. Cf. also Husserl, Formale und transzendentale Logik, especially §§3–5, 82–92, and 96.
- 70.
In what follows Schutz, more distinctly than elsewhere in his work, presents his view that the scientist must adhere to the relation to the world of working so as never to lose sight of his object. He merely varies his attitude toward the world of working. In the same way Schutz insists that science itself is never the work of isolated thinkers, but constructs a necessarily intersubjective system of knowledge and therefore is also a component part of the life-world itself. See Schutz’s commentary on Hayek’s lecture on “Wissen und Wirtschaft” (1936-H-2). (See CPIV, Chapter 10, for Schutz’s commentary.)
- 71.
The expression is borrowed from Husserl, Cartesianische Meditationen, §15.
- 72.
The corresponding passages were not developed by Schutz in the present manuscript. Cf. Sinnhafte Aufbau, §§45 ff.
- 73.
Here Schutz accordingly marks the difference between the epistemological orientation of American pragmatism in William James, Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey, on the one hand, and the European tradition of pragmatistic philosophizing in Henri Bergson and Max Scheler on the other hand. The latter asserts a priority of the pragmatic motive only at the mundane, but not the epistemological, level. Cf. Scheler’s Erkenntnis und Arbeit, espec. pp. 211 ff., 363 ff., and Schutz’s posthumously published manuscript, Reflections on the Problem of Relevance, reprinted in Collected Papers V.
- 74.
Here, long before his controversy with Talcott Parsons, Schutz had already distinguished between the types of scientific rationality and the rationality of everyday life. Thus Schutz’s interpretation of scientific rationality insists that it should not be a criterion for everyday rationality, as Parsons argued. Cf. also the essay, “The Problem of Rationality in the Social World,” CP II, pp. 64ff; and “Lebensformen und Sinnstruktur,” and the distinction between the linguistic and conceptual-thinking self in addition to the thesis of the meaningfulness prior to any science.
- 75.
Cf. Leibniz, Nouveaux Essais, “ Avant-Propos;” II, 9, §§1 ff.; II 19, §§lff.
- 76.
At this place Schutz has not explained communication as the typical characteristic of the world of working and, at the same time, the medium for science, even though he has already referred to it in the present manuscript (above, 101/7193 f.).
- 77.
See above, 102/7194
- 78.
Schutz refers here to the connections made between Sinnhafte Aufbau and the first version of 28 July 1936 in the two planned chapters (V, Methodological Consequences,” and VI, “The Problem of Personality and the Praxis of the Social Sciences”). See above, I, 7060. These connections are taken up anew in two later works, “Common-Sense and Scientific Interpretation” (1953), CP I, pp. 44ff; and “Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences” (1954), CP I, pp. 58 ff. In the first essay Schutz formulates the so-called “postulate of adequacy” between the (everyday) typification of the first degree and the (scientific) typification of the second degree.
- 79.
See the almost identical concluding statement in “On Multiple Realities,” p. 259.
- 80.
See above, p. 84.
Bibliography
Aquinas, Thomas. Quaestiones disputatae de veritatae
Augustine, Confessions. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Physics.
Averroes (Averrois Cordubensis, 1126–1198), Commentarium magnum in Aristotelis De Anima Libras (1562); edited by F. Stuart Grawford in Corpus Commentarium Averrois in Aristotelem, Vol. VI, Cambridge/Mass: Cambridge University Press, 1953.
Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel, Versuch uber die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen, published in two parts, Berlin 1753 or 1762, later Leipzig: Schwickert,3 1780 or 1797.
Barber, Michael D. The Participating Citizen. A Biography of Alfred Schutz, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004.
Bayle, Pierre Dictionnaire historique et critique (1695/97). Historical and Critical Dictionary. Selections. Translated, with an Introduction and Notes by Richard H. Popkin. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1965.
Bergson, Henri. Œuvres. Textes annoté par André Robinet. Introduction par Henri Gouhier. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1959. (Essai sur les données inmmédiate de la conscience, 1889; Durée et Simultanéité. A Propos de la theorié d’Einstein. 4th ed., 1929; Matière et Mémoire, 1896; L’Énergie spirituelle, 1919; L’Êvolution créatrice, 1907; Les Deux sources de la morale et de la religion, 1932). Note: The pagination of the original editions is in the margin of this text.
Bergson, Henri. Time and Free Will. Authorized translation by F.L. Pogson, New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1960 [1910].
Bergson, Henri. Duration and Simultaneity, translated by Leon Jacobson, The Library of Liberal Arts (Bobbs-Merrill Co) Indianapolis, 1965 [check trans title].
Bergson, Henri. Creative Evolution. Authorized translation by Arthur Mitchell, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911.
Bergson, Henri. Matter and Memory. Authorized translation by Nancy Margaret Paul and W. Scott Palmer [1908], New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959.
Bergson, Henri. Mind-Energy, by H. Wildon Carr, New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1920.
Bergson, Henri. The Two Sources of Religion and Morality, Translated by R. Ashley Audra and Cloudesley Brereton, with the Assistance of W. Horsfall Carter. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1935.
Bollnow, Otto Friedrich. Das neue Bild des Menschen und die anthropologische Aufgabe (1934).
Carnap, Rudolf. “Über Protokollsätze,” in Erkenntnis, 3, 1932/33, pp. 215 ff.
Cassirer, Ernst. Philosophie der symbolishen Formen, III: Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis, Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1954.
Cassirer, Ernst. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. Vol. III: The Phenomenology of Knowledge. English translation by Ralph Manheim. Introductory Note by Charles W. Hendel. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1957.
Descartes, René. Meditationes de prima philosophia (1641).
Descartes, René. Passions de l’Ame (1649).
Descartes, René. Principia philosophiae (1644).
Diels/Walther Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin: Heinemann, 1952.
Dvorak, Max. Idealismus und Naturalismus in der gotischen Skulptur und Malerei, Berlin: Oldenbourg 1908. Idealism and Naturalism, translated with Notes and Bibliography by Randolph I. Klawiter. Preface by Karl Maria Swoboda, Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1967.
Dvorak, Max. Kunstgeschichte als Geistesgeschichte, München: Piper, 1924.
Fechner, Gustav Theodor. Elemente der Psychophysik, Leipzig 1860, 1907 1964.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (1794). Science of Knowledge, with First and Second Introductions, edited and translated by Peter Heath and John Lachs, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970.
Freeman, Kathleen Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers. A Complete translation of the Fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956.
Freud, Sigmund. Das Unbewusste, in Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 3 (Frankfurt/M: Fischer 1975), pp. 125–162.
Freud, Sigmund. Das Ich und das Es, in Gesammelte Schriften. Studienausgabe,Vol. Ill, Frankfurt/M.: Fischer, 1969.
Freud, Sigmund. The Ego and the Id, London, 1927. (Standard Ed., Vol 19)
Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Authorized translation by A. A. Brill. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1953. (Standard Ed. Vols 4–5)
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. London and New York, 1930. (Standard Ed. Vol. 21)
Freud, Sigmund. “Psychoanalysis,” in the Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th ed. Vol. 18.
Geiger, Moritz. “Fragment über den Begriff des Unbewusstsein und die psychische Realität,” Jahrbuch für Phänomenologie und phänomenologische Forschung, IV, 1921, pp. 1–136.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Werke, Hamburger Ausgabe, edited by Erich Trunz, Bd. I: Gedichte und Epen I, München: Beck’21981( “Der Brautigen.”)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Gedichte und Epen, I, “Urwortes,” p. 359: “Urworte. Orphische: Daimon,” Dämon, Z, 1–4.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Maximen und Reflexionen.
Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807).
Heidegger, Martin. Sein und Zeit. Jahrbuch üur Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, VIII, 1927, pp. 1–438.
Horace, Odes.
Husserl, Edmund. Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie (1913) (Husserliana III/l). Neu herausgegeben von Karl Schuhmann. Text der 1–3. Auflage. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976.
Husserl, Edmund. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology, translated by Fred Kersten, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.
Husserl, Edmund. Cartesianische Meditationen und Pariser Vorträge (1931), Husserliana I. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Prof. Dr. S. Strasser. Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1950.
Husserl, Edmund. Cartesian Meditations. Translated by Dorion Cairns. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960.
Husserl, Edmund. Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie. Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie (1936), in Husserliana, Bd VI, hg. Walter Biemel, Den Haag: Nijhoff, 1962.
Husserl, Edmund. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, translated by David Carr, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970.
Husserl, Edmund. Formale and transzendentale Logik, in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, X, 1929, pp. 1–298.
Husserl, Edmund. Formal and Transcendental Logic. Translated by Dorion Cairns. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1969.
Husserl, Edmund. Husserliana Briefwechsel, Vol. Ill
Husserl, Edmund. Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins. Herausgegeben von Martin Heidegger. Jahrbuch fur Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, Bd. IX, 1928, pp. 367–496.
Husserl, Edmund. The Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness. Edited by Martin Heidegger. Translated by James S. Churchill. Introduction by Calvin O. Schrag. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.
Huth, Albert. Abriss der pädagogischen Anthropologie (1932).
Ingarden, Roman. “Intuition und Intellekt bei Henri Bergson,” Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, Bd. V, pp. 284–461.
James, William. The Principles of Psychology (1890).
Jaspers, Karl. Allgemeine Psychopathologie (1913).
Jaspers, Karl. Psychologie der Weltanschauungen (1919), Berlin: Springer, 1925.
Jaspers, Karl. Philosophie. Berlin, Goettingen, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1948 [1931]
Joyce, James. Ulysses (1922).
Kant, Immanuel. Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1781/87), Critique of Pure Reason, translated by Norman Kemp Smith, London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd, 1953.
Kant, Immanuel. Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht (1798).
Kant, Immanuel. Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können (1783).
Kaufmann, Felix Methodenlehre der Sozialwissenschaften. Vienna: Springer 1936.
Keller, Gottfried Der grüne Heinrich, in Sämtliche Werke, edited by Thomas Böning/Gerhard Kaiser, Bd. 2 (Erste Fassung, 1854/55), Bd. 3 (Zweite Fassung 1878/80), Frankfurt/M.: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1985.
Kierkegaard, Soren. Die Krankheit zum tode. Eine christlich-psychologische Entwicklung zur Erbauung und Envekkung von Anti-Climacus (1849). Gesammelte Werke, edited by Emanuel Hirsch, Giltersloh: Mohn, 1992.
Kierkegaard, Soren. The Sickness unto Death, translated by Walter Lowrie, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941.
Kierkegaard, Soren. The Concept of Dread. Translated by Walter Lowrie. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944.
Kierkegaard, Soren. Philosophical Fragments. Translated by David F. Swenson. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936 [1952].
Kierkegaard, Soren. Repetition. Translated by Walter Lowrie, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941.
Kierkegaard, Soren. Either/Or. Translated by David F. and Lillian M. Swenson and Walter Lowrie. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944.
Kierkegaard, Soren. Stages on Life’s Way. Translated by Walter Lowrie. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940.
Kierkegaard, Soren. Concluding Postscript. Translated by David F. Swenson; completed and edited by Walter Lowrie. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941.
Kuhlmann, Georg. Theologische Anthropologie (1935).
Kuhlmann, Georg. Das Lalebuch (1597) mit den Abweichungen und Erweiterungen der Schiltbürger (1598) und des Grillenvertreibers (1603), edited by Karl von Bahder, Halle a. d. S.: Niemeyer, 1914.
Landsberg, Paul Ludwig. Einführung in die philosophische Anthropologie. Frankurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1934.
Landsberg, Paul Ludwig. Erfahrung des Todes, 1936. “The Experience of Death,” translated by Cynthia Rowland, in Essays in Phenomenology. Edited by Maurice Natanson, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966, pp. 193–232.
Landsberg, Paul Ludwig. Erfahrung des Todes, The Experience of Death and The Moral Problem of Suicide, translated by Cynthia Rowland. New York: Philosophical Library, 1953.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Opera Philosophica. Edited by Joannes Eduardus Erdman. Berlin: Eichleri, 1850. (“Nouveau essais sur l’entendement humain,” “Essai de Théodicée,” “La Monadologie,” “Principes de la nature et de la grace fondés en Raison,” “La Monadologie”)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Philosophische Werke, edited by Ernst Cassirer (Hamburg: Meiner, 1903 [1966]), Vol I.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. “Bemerkungen zum allgemeinen Teil der Kartesischen Prinzipien”(1692).
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Discours de Metaphysique (1686).
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Philosophical Writings. Edited by G.H.R. Parkinson. Translated by Mary Morris and G.H.R. Parkinson. London: J. M. Dent, 1995.
Lempertz, Heinrich G. Wesen der Gotik, Leipzig: Hiersemann, 1926.
Löwith, Karl. Die Individuum in der Rolle des Mitmenschen, München: Drei Masken Verlag, 1928.
Mach, Ernst. Die Analyse der Empfindungen und das Verhältnis der Physischen zum Psychischen (1900). The Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical. Translated from the First German Edition by C.M. Williams. Revised and Supplemented from the Fifth German Edition by Sydney Waterlow. With a New Introduction by Thomas S. Szasz. New York: Dover Publications, 1959.
Malebranche, Traité de la nature et de la grâce (1680).
Mann, Thomas. Buddenbrooks. Verfall einer Familie (1922).
Mead, George Herbert. The Philosophy of Act (1938), edited by Charles W. Morris, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
Mises, Ludwig von. Grundprobleme der Nationalökonomie, Jena: Fischer, 1933
Mitgang, Herbert. The New Yorker, 2 August, 1982. “Memoir of Helen Wolff,” pp. 51 ff.
Molière, The Miser. Comedy in Five Acts.
Natanson, Maurice. “Philosophische Grundfragen der Psychiatrie I. Philosophie und Psychiatrie,” Psychiatrie der Gegenwart. Forschung und Praxis, Vol. 1/2, 1963, pp. 903–925.
Neurath, Otto. “Protokollsätze,” in Erkenntnis 3,1932/33, pp. 204 f.
Neurath, Otto. Die physikalische Sprache als Universalsprache der Wissenschaft,” in Erkenntnis, 2, 1931, pp. 432ff,
Neurath, Otto. “Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache,” in Erkenntnis, 2, 1931, pp. 219 ff.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Genealogy of Morals, translated by Francis Golffing, Doubleday Anchor Book: Garden City, New York, 1956.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Human, All Too Human.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Will to Power (1901).
Nietzsche, Friedrich. “Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben,” in Unzeitgemässen Betrachtung, II.
Osthans, Carl E. Grundzüge der Stilentwicklung, Hagen: Folkwang, 1919.
Parsons, Talcott. The Structure of Social Action. A Study of Social Theory with Special Reference to a Group of Recent European Writers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1937. Actor, Situation and Normative Pattern.
Pascal. Pensées.
Plato. Phaedrus.
Plato. Meno.
Plato. Parmenides.
Plato. Phaedo.
Plato. Symposium.
Plessner, Helmut. Die Stufen des Organischen und der Mensch. Einleitung in die philosophische Anthropologie (1928).
Macht und menschliche Natur (1931).
Rathenau, Walter. Zur Mechanik des Geistes (1913), Berlin: Fischer, 1921.
Ravaisson-Mollien, Jean Gaspard Fé1ix. De l‘habitude (1838), Paris: Alcan, 1933.
Reininger, Robert. Das psychophysische Problem (1916).
Remains, Jules. Les hommes de bonne volonté (1932–46). Men of Good Will, Translated by Warren B. Wells. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961 ff.
Scheler, Max. Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik. Neuer Versuch der Grundlegung eines ethischen Personalismus (1913/16), in Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 2, edited by Maria Scheler/Manfred Frings, Bern/München, 1980.
Scheler, Max. English: Formalism in Ethics and Non-formal Ethics of Values. Translated by Manfred Frings and Roger L. Funk, Evanston, Northwestern University Press, 1973.
Scheler, Max. Die Idee des Menschen (1914).
Scheler, Max. Die Stellung des Menschen im Cosmos (1928). Man’s Place in Nature, translated with an Introduction, by Hans Meyerhoff, New York: The Noonday Press, 1961.
Scheler, Max. “Die Formen des Wissens und the Bildung” (1929) Wesen und Formen der Sympathie (1913), in Gesammelte Werke Bd. 7, edited by Manfred S. Frings, Bern/München: Francke, 1973. The Nature of Sympathy, translated by Peter Heath, with a General Introduction to Max Scheler’s Work by W. Stark. Hamden, Conn.: The Shoe String Press, Inc., 1970.
Scheler, Max. “Erkenntnis und Arbeit,” in Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 8: Die Wissensformen und die Gesellschaft (1926), edited by Maria Scheler, Bern/ München: Francke, 1980.
Scheler, Max. Schelling, Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur (1797).
Scheler, Max. System der transzendentalen Idealismus (1800).
Schiller, Friedrich. Ober naive und sentimentalische Dichtung (1795), in Werke.
Schiller, Friedrich. Nationalausgabe, Bd. XX: Philosophische Schriften, Erster Teil, edited by Benno von Wiese/Helmut Koopmann. Weimar: Böhlau, 1962.
Schleich, Carl Ludwig. Von der Seele. Essays (1910), Berlin: Fischer, 1922; Das Problem des Todes, Berlin: Rowohlt, 1921.
Schopenhauer, Artur. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, Vol. II. Schmitz, Hermann. Die Gotik im deutschen Kunst- und Geistesleben, Berlin: Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft, 1921.
Schuhmann, Karl. Husserl-Chronik. Denk- und Lebensweg Edmund Husserls,
Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977.
Schutz, Alfred. Collected Papers, Volume I, Edited and Introduced by Maurice Natanson, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962 (“On Multiple Realities” “Symbol, Reality and Society;” “Choosing Among Projects of Action;” “Common-Sense and Scientific Interpretation of Human Action,” “Scheler’s Theory of Intersubjectivity and the General Thesis of the Alter Ego,” “Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences”)
Schutz, Alfred. Collected Papers, Volume II, Edited and Introduced by Arvid Brodersen, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964 (“Don Quijote and the Problem of Reality,” “The Stranger,” “Making Music Together” , “Choosing Among Projects of Action,” “Teiresias or our Knowledge of Future Events, “ “The Problem of Rationality in the Social World,”)
Schutz, Alfred. Collected Papers, Volume III, Edited by I. Schutz. With an Introduction by Aron Gurwitsch. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966 (“William James’ Concept of the Stream of Thought Phenomenologically Interpreted”)
Schutz, Alfred. Collected Papers, Vol. IV, Edited by Helmut Wagner and George Psathas, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996 (“Fragments Toward a Phenomenology of Music” “Commentary on Hayek’s lecture on “Wissen und Wirtschaft”).
Schutz, Alfred. Collected Papers, Vol. V, Edited by Lester Embree, Dordrecht: Springer, 2012.
Schutz, Alfred. Philosophers In Exile. The Correspondence of Alfred Schutz and Aron Gurwitsch 1939–1959. Edited by Richard Grathoff. Translated by J. Claude Evans. Foreword by Maurice Natanson Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Schutz, Alfred. Reflections on the Problem of Relevance, edited, annotated, and with an Introduction by Richard M. Zaner, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970.
Schutz, Alfred. Der Sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt. Eine Einleitung in die verstehende Soziologie, Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 1932 [1960 ]. The Phenomenology of the Social World, translated with an Introduction by George Walsh and Frederick Lehnert, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1967.
Schutz, Alfred. With Thomas Luckmann, Strukturen der Lebenswelt, I, II, Frankfurt am Main: Ausgabe Suhrkamp Verlag, 1984. With Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-world. Translated by Richard M. Zaner and H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973.
Schutz, Alfred. Theorie der Lebensformen. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Ilja Scubar. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1981. Life Forms and Meaning Structure, translated, Introduced and Annotated by Helmut Wagner, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982.
Schutz, Alfred. “Choice and the Social Sciences,” in Life-world and Consciousness. Essays for Aron Gurwitsch, edited by Lester E. Embree, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1972, pp. 565–596.
Schwarz, Otto. Medizinische Anthropologie (1929).
Schweizer, Albert. Verfall und Wiederaufbau der Kultur. Kulturphilosophie. Erster Teil, Milnchen: Beck, 1923.
Schweizer, Albert. Aus meinem Leben und Denken, Leipzig: Meiner, 1932.
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet
Simmel, Georg. “Das Relative und das Absolute im Geschlechter-Problem,” in Philosophische Kultur. Gesammelte Essais (1911), reprinted in Simmel, Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 14: Hauptprobleme der Philosophie. Philosophische Kultur, edited by Rüediger Kramme/Otthein Rammstedt, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1966.
Sombart, Werner. Die Drei Nationalökonomien. Geschichte und System der Lehre von der Wirtschaft, München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1930.
Spinoza. Ethica ordine geometico demonstrata (1677)
Strindberg, August. Son of a Servant, Inferno, To Damascus.
Wach, Joachim. Typen religiöser Anthropologie (1932).
Wagner, Helmut R. Alfred Schutz. An Intellectual Biography, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Weber, Max. “Objektivität sozialwissenschaftlicher and sozialpolitischer Erkenntis” (1904) (in Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre, edited by Johannes Winckelmann, Tübingen: Mohr, 1988, pp. 146–214).
Weber, Max. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie. Tübingen: J. C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1956.
Weber, Max. The Methodology of the Social Sciences. Translated and Edited by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch, Glencoe, Ill: The Free Press, 1949, pp. 50–112
Weber, Max. Economy and Society. An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, Berkeley/ Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1978,
Wenzel, A. Das Leib-Seele-Problem im Lichte der neueren Theorien der physischen und seelischen Wirklichkeit (1933).
Wiese Leopold von. System der Allgemeine Soziologie (1924–28), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1955.
Wundt, Wilhelm. Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, Leipzig: Engelmann, 1874, 1908/11.
Zwierlein, Eduard. Die Idee einer philosophischen Anthropologie bei Paul Ludwig Landsberg, Würzburg: Könighausen & Neumann, 1989.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schutz, A. (2013). Chapter Two Genesis of the Social Person in the Solitary Self. In: Barber, M. (eds) Collected Papers VI. Literary Reality and Relationships. Phaenomenologica, vol 206. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1518-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1518-9_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1517-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1518-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)