Abstract
The most potent dioxin congener (2,3,7,8-TCDD) is classified as a human carcinogen. Municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) are one of the major sources of dioxins and are therefore a cause of public concern. Blood dioxin levels are considered the best estimates of actual exposure, but they are costly and technically difficult to gather from individuals and to measure consistently. However, dioxins are good candidates for a combined GIS-modeling-based approach to simulate the ways in which they propagate in the environment, and the exposures that occur as a result. Dioxins are released into the air by a few known industrial point sources, and their environmental concentrations can therefore be estimated through plume modeling. Furthermore, they are known to be resistant to environmental and biological degradation, and accumulate in soils. We conducted a sequential epidemiologic investigation in the vicinity of a MSWI with high dioxin emission levels (Besançon, France). Contours of modeled ground-level air concentrations were used to assign a dioxin exposure category for any inhabitant of the town. Exposure accuracy was assessed through dioxin measurements from soil samples. In a mixed individual/ecological case-control study, a higher risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma was found among individuals living in the area with the highest dioxin concentration (odds ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4–4.5). The replication of these findings at the nationwide level added further evidence. GIS and exposure modeling can be considered innovative and appropriate for the assessment of dioxin exposure, moving from source identification to personal exposure estimates using environmental surrogates.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsAbbreviations
- 2,3,7,8-TCDD:
-
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- APC3:
-
Air Pollution Control 3
- CI:
-
Confidence interval
- DL-PCB:
-
Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls
- EU:
-
European Union
- GIS:
-
Geographic information system
- IARC:
-
International Agency for Research on Cancer
- ICD-O:
-
International Classification of Diseases for Oncology
- I-TEQ:
-
International toxic equivalency factor
- MSWI:
-
Municipal solid waste incinerator
- NHL:
-
Non Hodgkin lymphoma
- OR:
-
Odds ratio
- PCB:
-
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- US-EPA:
-
US Environmental Protection Agency
References
Bertazzi PA, Consonni D, Bachetti S, Rubagotti M, Baccarelli A, Zocchetti C, Pesatori AC (2001a) Health effects of dioxin exposure: a 20-year mortality study. Am J Epidemiol 153(11):1031–1044
Bertazzi PA, Consonni D, Bachetti S, Rubagotti M, Baccarelli A, Zocchetti C, Pesatori AC (2001b) Bertazzi et al. respond to Smith and Lopipero. Am J Epidemiol 153(11):1048–1049
Beyea J, Hatch M (1999) Geographic exposure modelling: a valuable extension of geographic information systems for use in environmental epidemiology. Environ Health Perspect 107(S1):181–190
Briggs D (2003) Environmental measurement and modelling: geographical information systems. In: Nieuwenhuijsen MJ (ed) Exposure assessment in occupational and environmental epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 55–70
Colville R, Briggs D, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ (2003) Environmental measurement and modelling: introduction and source dispersion modelling. In: Nieuwenhuijsen MJ (ed) Exposure assessment in occupational and environmental epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 39–53
Fierens S, Mairesse H, Hermans C, Bernard A, Eppe G, Focant JF, De Pauw E (2003) Dioxin accumulation in residents around incinerators. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66(14):1287–1293
Floret N, Lucot E, Badot PM, Mauny F, Viel JF (2007) A municipal solid waste incinerator as the single dominant point source of PCDD/Fs in an area of increased non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence. Chemosphere 68(8):1419–1426
Floret N, Mauny F, Challier B, Arveux P, Cahn JY, Viel JF (2003) Dioxin emissions from a solid waste incinerator and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epidemiology 14(4):392–398
Floret N, Viel JF, Lucot E, Dudermel PM, Cahn JY, Badot PM, Mauny F (2006) Dispersion modelling as a dioxin exposure indicator in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator: a validation study. Environ Sci Technol 40(7):2149–2155
Goldman LR, Harnly M, Flattery J, Patterson DG, Needham LL (2000) Serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans among people eating contaminated home-produced eggs and beef. Environ Health Perspect 108(1):13–19
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1997) Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Vol 69. IARC, Lyon, France
Lovett AA, Foxall CD, Creaser CS, Chewe D (1997) PCB and PCDD/DF congeners in locally grown fruit and vegetable samples in Wales and England. Chemosphere 34(5–7):1421–1436
NRC (National Research Council) (1994) Science and judgment in risk assessment. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Paustenbach D, Duarte-Davidson R (2006) New developments in exposure assessment: The impact on the practice of health risk assessment and epidemiological studies. Environ Int 32(8):996–1009
Nuckols JR, Ward M, Jarup L (2004) Using geographic information systems for exposure assessment in environmental epidemiological studies. Environ Health Perspect 112(9):1007–1015
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (1994) Health assessment document for 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, Vol 1–3. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
Viel JF, Arveux P, Baverel J, Cahn JY (2000) Soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma clusters around a municipal solid waste incinerator with high dioxin emission levels. Am J Epidemiol 152(1):13–19
Viel JF, Daniau C, Goria S, Fabre P, de Crouy-Chanel P, Sauleau EA, Empereur-Bissonnet P (2008) Risk for non Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the vicinity of French municipal solid waste incinerators. Environ Health doi:10.1186/1476-069X–7–51
Vine MF, Degnan D, Hanchette C (1997) Geographic information systems: their use in environmental epidemiologic research. Environ Health Perspect 105(6):598–605
Acknowledgments
This work would not have been possible without the assistance of numerous people who have contributed time and expertise in various fields. I owe particular thanks to Nathalie Floret for her commitment and enthusiasm during her PhD studies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Viel, JF. (2011). GIS and Atmospheric Diffusion Modeling for Assessment of Individual Exposure to Dioxins Emitted from a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator. In: Maantay, J., McLafferty, S. (eds) Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Health. Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0329-2_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0329-2_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0328-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0329-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)