Skip to main content

Circadian and Homeostatic Regulation of Sleepiness, Cognition, and Their Neuronal Underpinnings

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sleepiness and Human Impact Assessment

Abstract

In human beings, homeostatic and circadian sleep–wake regulatory processes work together for the maintenance of sleep and wakefulness at appropriate times within the 24-hour light-dark cycle. The interaction between these processes also determines time-of-day modulations in sleepiness and alertness levels, and affects performance in a series of cognitive tasks. Recent evidence suggests that similar modulation patterns can also be detected in the cerebral correlates underlying successful cognitive functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tononi G, Cirelli C (2006) Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 10(1):49–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Banks S, Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Dinges DF (2010) Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recovery. Sleep 33(8):1013–1026

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Czeisler CA (2009) Medical and genetic differences in the adverse impact of sleep loss on performance: ethical considerations for the medical profession. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 120:249–285

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Horowitz TS, Cade BE, Wolfe JM, Czeisler CA (2003) Searching night and day: a dissociation of effects of circadian phase and time awake on visual selective attention and vigilance. Psychol Sci 14(6):549–557

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bodenhausen GV (1988) Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: testing process models of stereotype use. J Pers Soc Psychol 55(5):726–737

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vandewalle G, Schmidt C (2013) Neuroimaging the interaction between circadian and homeostatic processes. In: Nofzinger E, Maquet P, Thorpy MJ (eds). Neuroimaging of Sleep and Sleep Disorders, vol 20. Cambridge, New York, pp 163–170

    Google Scholar 

  7. Zhou X, Ferguson SA, Matthews RW, Sargent C, Darwent D, Kennaway DJ et al (2011) Sleep, wake and phase dependent changes in neurobehavioral function under forced desynchrony. Sleep 34(7):931–941

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Collette F, Hogge M, Salmon E, Van der Linden M (2006) Exploration of the neural substrates of executive functioning by functional neuroimaging. Neuroscience 139(1):209–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Finelli LA, Baumann H, Borbely AA, Achermann P (2000) Dual electroencephalogram markers of human sleep homeostasis: correlation between theta activity in waking and slow-wave activity in sleep. Neuroscience 101(3):523–529

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Vandewalle G, Archer SN, Wuillaume C, Balteau E, Degueldre C, Luxen A et al (2009) Functional magnetic resonance imaging-assessed brain responses during an executive task depend on interaction of sleep homeostasis, circadian phase, and PER3 genotype. J Neurosci 29(25):7948–7956

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Thomas RJ, Kwong K (2006) Modafinil activates cortical and subcortical sites in the sleep-deprived state. Sleep 29(11):1471–1481

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jung CM, Ronda JM, Czeisler CA, Wright KP Jr (2011) Comparison of sustained attention assessed by auditory and visual psychomotor vigilance tasks prior to and during sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 20(2):348–355

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Buysse DJ, Nofzinger EA, Germain A, Meltzer CC, Wood A, Ombao H et al (2004) Regional brain glucose metabolism during morning and evening wakefulness in humans: preliminary findings. Sleep 27(7):1245–1254

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Van Cauter E, Spiegel K, Tasali E, Leproult R (2008) Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Med 9(1):S23–S28

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chee MW, Chuah LY (2008) Functional neuroimaging insights into how sleep and sleep deprivation affect memory and cognition. Curr Opin Neurol 21(4):417–423

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bachmann V, Klaus F, Bodenmann S, Schafer N, Brugger P, Huber S et al (2012) Functional ADA polymorphism increases sleep depth and reduces vigilant attention in humans. Cereb Cortex 22(4):962–970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bachmann V, Klein C, Bodenmann S, Schafer N, Berger W, Brugger P et al (2012) The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism modulates sleep intensity: EEG frequency- and state-specificity. Sleep 35(3):335–344

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Goel N, Banks S, Lin L, Mignot E, Dinges DF (2011) Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism associates with individual differences in sleep physiologic responses to chronic sleep loss. PLoS ONE 6(12):27

    Google Scholar 

  19. Goel N, Banks S, Mignot E, Dinges DF (2009) PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation. PLoS ONE 4(6):0005874

    Google Scholar 

  20. Groeger JA, Viola AU, Lo JC, von Schantz M, Archer SN, Dijk DJ (2008) Early morning executive functioning during sleep deprivation is compromised by a PERIOD3 polymorphism. Sleep 31(8):1159–1167

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Retey JV, Adam M, Khatami R, Luhmann UF, Jung HH, Berger W et al (2007) A genetic variation in the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) contributes to individual sensitivity to caffeine effects on sleep. Clin Pharmacol Ther 81(5):692–698

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bodenmann S, Hohoff C, Freitag C, Deckert J, Retey JV, Bachmann V et al (2012) Polymorphisms of ADORA2A modulate psychomotor vigilance and the effects of caffeine on neurobehavioural performance and sleep EEG after sleep deprivation. Br J Pharmacol 165(6):1904–1913

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Viola AU, Archer SN, James LM, Groeger JA, Lo JC, Skene DJ et al (2007) PER3 polymorphism predicts sleep structure and waking performance. Curr Biol 17(7):613–618

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chellappa SL, Schroder C, Cajochen C (2009) Chronobiology, excessive daytime sleepiness and depression: is there a link? Sleep Med 10(5):505–514

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schmidt C, Collette F, Cajochen C, Peigneux P (2007) A time to think: circadian rhythms in human cognition. Cogn Neuropsychol 24(7):755–789

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cajochen C, Knoblauch V, Wirz-Justice A, Krauchi K, Graw P, Wallach D (2004) Circadian modulation of sequence learning under high and low sleep pressure conditions. Behav Brain Res 151(1–2):167–176

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cajochen C, Khalsa SB, Wyatt JK, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ (1999) EEG and ocular correlates of circadian melatonin phase and human performance decrements during sleep loss. Am J Physiol 277(3 Pt 2):R640–R649

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Graw P, Krauchi K, Knoblauch V, Wirz-Justice A, Cajochen C (2004) Circadian and wake-dependent modulation of fastest and slowest reaction times during the psychomotor vigilance task. Physiol Behav 80(5):695–701

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dijk DJ, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA (1992) Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance. J Sleep Res 1(2):112–117

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dijk DJ, von Schantz M (2005) Timing and consolidation of human sleep, wakefulness, and performance by a symphony of oscillators. J Biol Rhythms 20(4):279–290

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wyatt JK, Cajochen C, Ritz-De Cecco A, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ (2004) Low-dose repeated caffeine administration for circadian-phase-dependent performance degradation during extended wakefulness. Sleep 27(3):374–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wyatt JK, Ritz-De Cecco A, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ (1999) Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day. Am J Physiol 277(4 Pt 2):R1152–63

    Google Scholar 

  33. Strogatz SH, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA (1987) Circadian pacemaker interferes with sleep onset at specific times each day: role in insomnia. Am J Physiol 253(1 Pt 2):R172–R178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Shekleton JA, Rajaratnam SM, Gooley JJ, Van Reen E, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW (2013) Improved neurobehavioral performance during the wake maintenance zone. J Clin Sleep Med 9(4):353–362

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Munch M, Knoblauch V, Blatter K, Schroder C, Schnitzler C, Krauchi K et al (2005) Age-related attenuation of the evening circadian arousal signal in humans. Neurobiol Aging 26(9):1307–1319

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Dijk DJ, Shanahan TL, Duffy JF, Ronda JM, Czeisler CA (1997) Variation of electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep with phase of circadian melatonin rhythm in humans. J Physiol 505(Pt 3):851–858

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cajochen C, Chellappa S, Schmidt C (2010) What keeps us awake? The role of clocks and hourglasses, light, and melatonin. Int Rev Neurobiol 93:57–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dijk DJ, Archer SN (2010) PERIOD3, circadian phenotypes, and sleep homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 14(3):151–160

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cohen DA, Wang W, Wyatt JK, Kronauer RE, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA et al (2010) Uncovering residual effects of chronic sleep loss on human performance. Sci Transl Med 2(14):3000458

    Google Scholar 

  40. Grady S, Aeschbach D, Wright KP Jr, Czeisler CA (2010) Effect of modafinil on impairments in neurobehavioral performance and learning associated with extended wakefulness and circadian misalignment. Neuropsychopharmacology 35(9):1910–1920

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA (1995) Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci 15(5 Pt 1):3526–3538

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wright KP, Lowry CA, Lebourgeois MK (2012) Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans. Front Mol Neurosci 5(50):00050

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wright KP Jr, Hull JT, Hughes RJ, Ronda JM, Czeisler CA (2006) Sleep and wakefulness out of phase with internal biological time impairs learning in humans. J Cogn Neurosci 18(4):508–521

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee JH, Wang W, Silva EJ, Chang AM, Scheuermaier KD, Cain SW et al (2009) Neurobehavioral performance in young adults living on a 28-h day for 6 weeks. Sleep 32(7):905–913

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Silva EJ, Wang W, Ronda JM, Wyatt JK, Duffy JF (2010) Circadian and wake-dependent influences on subjective sleepiness, cognitive throughput, and reaction time performance in older and young adults. Sleep 33(4):481–490

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Scheer FA, Shea TJ, Hilton MF, Shea SA (2008) An endogenous circadian rhythm in sleep inertia results in greatest cognitive impairment upon awakening during the biological night. J Biol Rhythms 23(4):353–361

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Silva EJ, Duffy JF (2008) Sleep inertia varies with circadian phase and sleep stage in older adults. Behav Neurosci 122(4):928–935

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Van Dongen HP, Price NJ, Mullington JM, Szuba MP, Kapoor SC, Dinges DF (2001) Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia. Sleep 24(7):813–819

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lo JC, Groeger JA, Santhi N, Arbon EL, Lazar AS, Hasan S et al (2012) Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase. PLoS ONE 7(9):24

    Google Scholar 

  50. Maire M, Reichert C, Schmidt C (2013) Sleep-wake rhythms and cognition. J Cogn Behav Psychother 13(1):133–171

    Google Scholar 

  51. Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M (2003) Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms 18(1):80–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Baehr EK, Revelle W, Eastman CI (2000) Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: with an emphasis on morningness-eveningness. J Sleep Res 9(2):117–127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bailey SL, Heitkemper MM (2001) Circadian rhythmicity of cortisol and body temperature: morningness-eveningness effects. Chronobiol Int 18(2):249–261

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Duffy JF, Dijk DJ, Hall EF, Czeisler CA (1999) Relationship of endogenous circadian melatonin and temperature rhythms to self-reported preference for morning or evening activity in young and older people. J Investig Med 47(3):141–150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kerkhof GA, Van Dongen HP (1996) Morning-type and evening-type individuals differ in the phase position of their endogenous circadian oscillator. Neurosci Lett 218(3):153–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Mongrain V, Lavoie S, Selmaoui B, Paquet J, Dumont M (2004) Phase relationships between sleep-wake cycle and underlying circadian rhythms in Morningness-Eveningness. J Biol Rhythms 19(3):248–257

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kerkhof GA (1985) Inter-individual differences in the human circadian system: a review. Biol Psychol 20(2):83–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Duffy JF, Rimmer DW, Czeisler CA (2001) Association of intrinsic circadian period with morningness-eveningness, usual wake time, and circadian phase. Behav Neurosci 115(4):895–899

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Mongrain V, Carrier J, Dumont M (2006) Circadian and homeostatic sleep regulation in morningness-eveningness. J Sleep Res 15(2):162–166

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mongrain V, Carrier J, Dumont M (2006) Difference in sleep regulation between morning and evening circadian types as indexed by antero-posterior analyses of the sleep EEG. Eur J Neurosci 23(2):497–504

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mongrain V, Carrier J, Dumont M (2005) Chronotype and sex effects on sleep architecture and quantitative sleep EEG in healthy young adults. Sleep 28(7):819–827

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Taillard J, Philip P, Coste O, Sagaspe P, Bioulac B (2003) The circadian and homeostatic modulation of sleep pressure during wakefulness differs between morning and evening chronotypes. J Sleep Res 12(4):275–282

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Foret J, Benoit O, Royant-Parola S (1982) Sleep schedules and peak times of oral temperature and alertness in morning and evening ‘types’. Ergonomics 25(9):821–827

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kerkhof GA (1991) Differences between morning-types and evening-types in the dynamics of EEG slow wave activity during night sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 78(3):197–202

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Natale V, Martoni M, Cicogna P (2003) Effects of circadian typology on sleep-wake behavior of air traffic controllers. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 57(5):539–541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schmidt C, Peigneux P, Cajochen C, Collette F (2012) Adapting test timing to the sleep-wake schedule: effects on diurnal neurobehavioral performance changes in young evening and older morning chronotypes. Chronobiol Int 29(4):482–490

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Retey JV, Adam M, Honegger E, Khatami R, Luhmann UF, Jung HH et al (2005) A functional genetic variation of adenosine deaminase affects the duration and intensity of deep sleep in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(43):15676–15681

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Viola AU, Chellappa SL, Archer SN, Pugin F, Gotz T, Dijk DJ et al (2012) Interindividual differences in circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis in older people: effect of a PER3 polymorphism. Neurobiol Aging 33(5):14

    Google Scholar 

  69. Bachmann V et al (2012) Functional ADA Polymorphism Increases Sleep Depth and Reduces Vigilant Attention in Humans. Cereb Cortex 22(4):962–970

    Google Scholar 

  70. Dijk DJ, Archer SN (2010) PERIOD3, circadian phenotypes, and sleep homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 14(3):151–160

    Google Scholar 

  71. Hasler BP, Germain A, Nofzinger EA, Kupfer DJ, Krafty RT, Rothenberger SD et al (2012) Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia. J Sleep Res 21(5):515–526

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Balkin TJ, Braun AR, Wesensten NJ, Jeffries K, Varga M, Baldwin P et al (2002) The process of awakening: a PET study of regional brain activity patterns mediating the re-establishment of alertness and consciousness. Brain. 125(Pt 10):2308–2319

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chee MW, Choo WC (2004) Functional imaging of working memory after 24 hr of total sleep deprivation. J Neurosci 24(19):4560–4567

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Chee MW, Chuah LY, Venkatraman V, Chan WY, Philip P, Dinges DF (2006) Functional imaging of working memory following normal sleep and after 24 and 35 h of sleep deprivation: Correlations of fronto-parietal activation with performance. Neuroimage 31(1):419–428

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Chee MW, Chuah YM (2007) Functional neuroimaging and behavioral correlates of capacity decline in visual short-term memory after sleep deprivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(22):9487–9492

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Choo WC, Lee WW, Venkatraman V, Sheu FS, Chee MW (2005) Dissociation of cortical regions modulated by both working memory load and sleep deprivation and by sleep deprivation alone. Neuroimage 25(2):579–587

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Chuah YM, Venkatraman V, Dinges DF, Chee MW (2006) The neural basis of interindividual variability in inhibitory efficiency after sleep deprivation. J Neurosci 26(27):7156–7162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Drummond SP, Meloy MJ, Yanagi MA, Orff HJ, Brown GG (2005) Compensatory recruitment after sleep deprivation and the relationship with performance. Psychiatry Res 140(3):211–223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Drummond SP, Brown GG (2001) The effects of total sleep deprivation on cerebral responses to cognitive performance. Neuropsychopharmacology 25(5 Suppl):S68–S73

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Drummond SP, Brown GG, Gillin JC, Stricker JL, Wong EC, Buxton RB (2000) Altered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation. Nature 403(6770):655–657

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Habeck C, Rakitin BC, Moeller J, Scarmeas N, Zarahn E, Brown T et al (2004) An event-related fMRI study of the neurobehavioral impact of sleep deprivation on performance of a delayed-match-to-sample task. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 18(3):306–321

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Mu Q, Nahas Z, Johnson KA, Yamanaka K, Mishory A, Koola J et al (2005) Decreased cortical response to verbal working memory following sleep deprivation. Sleep 28(1):55–67

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Mu Q, Mishory A, Johnson KA, Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Yamanaka K et al (2005) Decreased brain activation during a working memory task at rested baseline is associated with vulnerability to sleep deprivation. Sleep 28(4):433–446

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Chuah LY, Dolcos F, Chen AK, Zheng H, Parimal S, Chee MW (2010) Sleep deprivation and interference by emotional distracters. Sleep 33(10):1305–1313

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gujar N, Yoo SS, Hu P, Walker MP (2010) The unrested resting brain: sleep deprivation alters activity within the default-mode network. J Cogn Neurosci 22(8):1637–1648

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Thomas M, Sing H, Belenky G, Holcomb H, Mayberg H, Dannals R et al (2000) Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity. J Sleep Res 9(4):335–352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Drummond SP, Brown GG, Salamat JS, Gillin JC (2004) Increasing task difficulty facilitates the cerebral compensatory response to total sleep deprivation. Sleep 27(3):445–451

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Babkoff H, Caspy T, Mikulincer M (1991) Subjective sleepiness ratings: the effects of sleep deprivation, circadian rhythmicity and cognitive performance. Sleep 14(6):534–539

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Muto V, Shaffii-le Bourdiec A, Matarazzo L, Foret A, Mascetti L, Jaspar M, et al. (2012) Influence of acute sleep loss on the neural correlates of alerting, orientating and executive attention components. J Sleep Res 21(6):648–58

    Google Scholar 

  90. Lim J, Choo WC, Chee MW (2007) Reproducibility of changes in behaviour and fMRI activation associated with sleep deprivation in a working memory task. Sleep 30(1):61–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Caldwell JA, Mu Q, Smith JK, Mishory A, Caldwell JL, Peters G et al (2005) Are individual differences in fatigue vulnerability related to baseline differences in cortical activation? Behav Neurosci 119(3):694–707

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Schmidt C, Collette F, Leclercq Y, Sterpenich V, Vandewalle G, Berthomier P et al (2009) Homeostatic sleep pressure and responses to sustained attention in the suprachiasmatic area. Science 324(5926):516–519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Schmidt C, Peigneux P, Leclercq Y, Sterpenich V, Vandewalle G, Phillips C et al (2012) Circadian preference modulates the neural substrate of conflict processing across the day. PLoS ONE 7(1):4

    Google Scholar 

  94. Marek T, Fafrowicz M, Golonka K, Mojsa-Kaja J, Oginska H, Tucholska K et al (2010) Diurnal patterns of activity of the orienting and executive attention neuronal networks in subjects performing a Stroop-like task: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Chronobiol Int 27(5):945–958

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Blautzik J, Vetter C, Peres I, Gutyrchik E, Keeser D, Berman A et al (2013) Classifying fMRI-derived resting-state connectivity patterns according to their daily rhythmicity. Neuroimage 71:298–306

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Gorfine T, Zisapel N (2009) Late evening brain activation patterns and their relation to the internal biological time, melatonin, and homeostatic sleep debt. Hum Brain Mapp 30(2):541–552

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Gorfine T, Assaf Y, Goshen-Gottstein Y, Yeshurun Y, Zisapel N (2006) Sleep-anticipating effects of melatonin in the human brain. Neuroimage 31(1):410–418

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Uz T, Arslan AD, Kurtuncu M, Imbesi M, Akhisaroglu M, Dwivedi Y et al (2005) The regional and cellular expression profile of the melatonin receptor MT1 in the central dopaminergic system. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 136(1–2):45–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Rosenberg J, Maximov II, Reske M, Grinberg F, Shah NJ (2013) “Early to bed, early to rise”: diffusion tensor imaging identifies chronotype-specificity. Neuroimage 31(13):086

    Google Scholar 

  100. Peres I, Vetter C, Blautzik J, Reiser M, Poppel E, Meindl T et al (2011) Chronotype predicts activity patterns in the neural underpinnings of the motor system during the day. Chronobiol Int 28(10):883–889

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD (2005) Adaptive gain and the role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in optimal performance. J Comp Neurol 493(1):99–110

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Aston-Jones G, Chen S, Zhu Y, Oshinsky ML (2001) A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Nat Neurosci 4(7):732–738

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Deboer T, Vansteensel MJ, Detari L, Meijer JH (2003) Sleep states alter activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Nat Neurosci 6(10):1086–1090

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Sara SJ, Bouret S (2012) Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal. Neuron 76(1):130–141

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Snyder K, Wang WW, Han R, McFadden K, Valentino RJ (2012) Corticotropin-releasing factor in the norepinephrine nucleus, locus coeruleus, facilitates behavioral flexibility. Neuropsychopharmacology 37(2):520–530

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Mehta MA, Riedel WJ (2006) Dopaminergic enhancement of cognitive function. Curr Pharm Des 12(20):2487–2500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Nieoullon A, Coquerel A (2003) Dopamine: a key regulator to adapt action, emotion, motivation and cognition. Curr Opin Neurol 16(2):S3–S9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Olvera-Cortes ME, Anguiano-Rodriguez P, Lopez-Vazquez MA, Alfaro JM (2008) Serotonin/dopamine interaction in learning. Prog Brain Res 172:567–602

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Berridge CW, Waterhouse BD (2003) The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 42(1):33–84

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Berridge CW, Page ME, Valentino RJ, Foote SL (1993) Effects of locus coeruleus inactivation on electroencephalographic activity in neocortex and hippocampus. Neuroscience 55(2):381–393

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Berridge CW (2008) Noradrenergic modulation of arousal. Brain Res Rev 58(1):1–17

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ramos BP, Arnsten AF (2007) Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: focus on the prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol Ther 113(3):523–536

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Devauges V, Sara SJ (1990) Activation of the noradrenergic system facilitates an attentional shift in the rat. Behav Brain Res 39(1):19–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Yu AJ, Dayan P (2005) Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention. Neuron 46(4):681–692

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Bouret S, Sara SJ (2005) Network reset: a simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradrenaline function. Trends Neurosci 28(11):574–582

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Arnsten AF (2000) Through the looking glass: differential noradenergic modulation of prefrontal cortical function. Neural Plast 7(1–2):133–146

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Arnsten AF (2009) Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nat Rev Neurosci 10(6):410–422

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Hasselmo ME, Sarter M (2011) Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 36(1):52–73

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Sarter M, Gehring WJ, Kozak R (2006) More attention must be paid: the neurobiology of attentional effort. Brain Res Rev 51(2):145–160

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Chuah LY, Chee MW (2008) Cholinergic augmentation modulates visual task performance in sleep-deprived young adults. J Neurosci 28(44):11369–11377

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Cajochen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schmidt, C., Cajochen, C., Chellappa, S.L. (2014). Circadian and Homeostatic Regulation of Sleepiness, Cognition, and Their Neuronal Underpinnings. In: Garbarino, S., Nobili, L., Costa, G. (eds) Sleepiness and Human Impact Assessment. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5388-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5388-5_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5387-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5388-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics