Zusammenfassung
Etwa 3 % der in Deutschland geborenen Kinder werden nach assistierter Reproduktion (ART) geboren. Berücksichtigt man auch Kinder nach Clomifenstimulation, ovarieller Stimulation oder Inseminationsbehandlung, liegt der Anteil bei wahrscheinlich 5–8 %. Nach wie vor liegt das größte Risiko für die Kinder und Mütter nach ART im Eintritt einer Mehrlingsschwangerschaft. Allerdings finden sich auch bei Einlingsschwangerschaften nach ART häufiger Schwangerschaftskomplikationen oder neonatale Probleme.
Literatur
Ackerman S, Wenegrat J, Rettew D, Althoff R, Bernier R (2014) No increase in autism-associated genetic events in children conceived by assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril 102:388–393
Aoki VW, Emery BR, Carrell DT (2006) Global sperm deoxyribonucleic acid methylation is unaffected in protamine-deficient infertile males. Fertil Steril 86:1541–1543
Basso O, Baird DD (2003) Infertility and preterm delivery, birthweight, Caesarean section: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Hum Reprod 18:2478–2484
Basso O, Weinberg CR, Baird DD, Wilcox AJ, Olsen J (2003) Subfecundity as a correlate of preeclampsia: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 157:195–202
Belva F, Bonduelle M, Painter RC, Schiettecatte J, Devroey P, De Schepper J (2010) Serum inhibin B concentrations in pubertal boys conceived by ICSI: first results. Hum Reprod 25:2811–2814
Belva F, Roelants M, Painter R, Bonduelle M, Devroey P, De Schepper J (2012) Pubertal development in ICSI children. Hum Reprod 27:1156–1161
Belva F, Bonduelle M, Roelants M, Michielsen D, Van Steirteghem A, Verheyen G, Tournaye H (2016) Semen quality of young adult ICSI offspring: the first results. Hum Reprod 31:2811–2820
Belva F, Roelants M, De Schepper J, Van Steirteghem A, Tournaye H, Bonduelle M (2017) Reproductive hormones of ICSI-conceived young adult men: the first results. Hum Reprod 32:439–446
Bender F, Hecken J, Reinsberg J, Berg C, Van der Ven H, Gembruch U, Geipel A (2010) Altered first-trimester screening markers after IVF/ICSI: no relationship with small-for-gestational-age and number of embryos transferred. Reprod Biomed Online 20:516–522
Bertsmann H, de Carvalho H, Mund M, Bauer S, Matthias K (2008) Fehlbildungsrisiko bei extrakorporaler Befruchtung. Dtsch Ärztebl 105:11–17
Bettio D, Venci A, Levi Setti PE (2008) Chromosomal abnormalities in miscarriages after different assisted reproduction procedures. Placenta 29(Suppl B):126–128
Beydoun HA, Sicignano N, Beydoun MA, Matson DO, Bocca S, Stadtmauer L, Oehninger S (2010) A cross-sectional evaluation of the first cohort of young adults conceived by in vitro fertilization in the United States. Fertil Steril 94:2043–2049
Bonduelle M, Legein J, Derde MP, Buysse A, Schietecatte J, Wisanto A, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I (1995) Comparative follow-up study of 130 children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and 130 children born after in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 10:3327–3331
Bonduelle M, Legein J, Buysse A, Van Assche E, Wisanto A, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC, Liebaers I (1996) Prospective follow-up study of 423 children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 11:1558–1564
Bonduelle M, Aytoz A, Wilikens A, Buysse A, Van Assche E, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I (1998) Prospective follow-up study of 1987 children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In: Filicori M, Flamigni C (Hrsg) Treatment of infertility: the new frontiers. Communications Media for Education, New Jersey, S 445–461
Bonduelle M, Liebaers I, Deketelaere V, Derde MP, Camus M, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A (2002a) Neonatal data on a cohort of 2889 infants born after ICSI (1991–1999) and of 2995 infants born after IVF (1983–1999). Hum Reprod 17:671–694
Bonduelle M, Van Assche E, Joris H, Keymolen K, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I (2002b) Prenatal testing in ICSI pregnancies: incidence of chromosomal anomalies in 1586 karyotypes and relation to sperm parameters. Hum Reprod 17:2600–2614
Bonduelle M, Bergh C, Niklasson A, Palermo GD, Wennerholm UB (2004) Medical follow-up study of 5-year-old ICSI children. Reprod Biomed Online 9:91–101
Carbone IF, Cruz JJ, Sarquis R, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH (2011) Assisted conception and placental perfusion assessed by uterine artery Doppler at 11–13 weeks’ gestation. Hum Reprod 26:1659
Colpin H, Bossaert G (2008) Adolescents conceived by IVF: parenting and psychosocial adjustment. Hum Reprod 23:2724–2730
Conti E, Mazzotti S, Calderoni S, Saviozzi I, Guzzetta A (2013) Are children born after assisted reproductive technology at increased risk of autism spectrum disorders? A systematic review. Hum Reprod 28:3316–3327
Davies MJ, Moore VM, Willson K, Van Essen P, Priest K, Scott H, Haan EA, Chan A (2012) Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 366:1803–1813
De Sutter P, Veldeman L, Kok P, Szymczak N, Van der Elst J, Dhont M (2005) Comparison of outcome of pregnancy after intra-uterine insemination (IUI) and IVF. Hum Reprod 20:1642–1646
Dugoff L, Hobbins JC, Malone FD, Porter TF, Luthy D, Comstock CH, Hankins G, Berkowitz RL, Merkatz I, Craigo SD et al (2004) First-trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free-beta subunit human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations and nuchal translucency are associated with obstetric complications: a population-based screening study (the FASTER Trial). Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:1446–1451
Edwards RG, Ludwig M (2003) Are major defects in children conceived in vitro due to innate problems in patients or to induced genetic damage? Reprod Biomed Online 7:131–138
El Hajj N, Haertle L, Dittrich M, Denk S, Lehnen H, Hahn T, Schorsch M, Haaf T (2017) DNA methylation signatures in cord blood of ICSI children. Hum Reprod 32:1761–1769
Evron E, Sheiner E, Friger M, Sergienko R, Harlev A (2015) Vanishing twin syndrome: is it associated with adverse perinatal outcome? Fertil Steril 103:1209–1214
Fedder J, Loft A, Parner ET, Rasmussen S, Pinborg A (2013) Neonatal outcome and congenital malformations in children born after ICSI with testicular or epididymal sperm: a controlled national cohort study. Hum Reprod 28:230–240
Gagnon A, Wilson RD, Audibert F, Allen VM, Blight C, Brock JA, Desilets VA, Johnson JA, Langlois S, Summers A et al (2008) Obstetrical complications associated with abnormal maternal serum markers analytes. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 30:918–949
Gaudoin M, Dobbie R, Finlayson A, Chalmers J, Cameron IT, Fleming R (2003) Ovulation induction/intrauterine insemination in infertile couples is associated with low-birth-weight infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:611–616
Ghazi HA, Spielberger C, Kallen B (1991) Delivery outcome after infertility – a registry study. Fertil Steril 55:726–732
Gjerris AC, Loft A, Pinborg A, Christiansen M, Tabor A (2009) The effect of a ‚vanishing twin‘ on biochemical and ultrasound first trimester screening markers for Down’s syndrome in pregnancies conceived by assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod 24:55–62
Goetzl L, Krantz D, Simpson JL, Silver RK, Zachary JM, Pergament E, Platt LD, Mahoney MJ, Wapner RJ (2004) Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, free beta-hCG, nuchal translucency, risk of pregnancy loss. Obstet Gynecol 104:30–36
Golombok S, MacCallum F, Goodman E (2001) The „test-tube“ generation: parent-child relationships and the psychological well-being of in vitro fertilization children at adolescence. Child Dev 72:599–608
Golombok S, Brewaeys A, Giavazzi MT, Guerra D, MacCallum F, Rust J (2002) The European study of assisted reproduction families: the transition to adolescence. Hum Reprod 17:830–840
Golombok S, Owen L, Blake L, Murray C, Jadva V (2009) Parent-child relationships and the psychological well-being of 18-year-old adolescents conceived by in vitro fertilisation. Hum Fertil (Cambridge) 12:63–72
Griesinger G, Kolibianakis EM, Diedrich K, Ludwig M (2008) Ovarian stimulation for IVF has no quantitative association with birthweight: a registry study. Hum Reprod 23:2549–2554
Groeneveld E, Lambers MJ, Lambalk CB, Broeze KA, Haapsamo M, de Sutter P, Schoot BC, Schats R, Mol BWJ, Hompes PGA (2013) Preconceptional low-dose aspirin for the prevention of hypertensive pregnancy complications and preterm delivery after IVF: a meta-analysis with individual patient data. Hum Reprod 28:1480–1488
Guo XY, Liu XM, Jin L, Wang TT, Ullah K, Sheng JZ, Huang HF (2017) Cardiovascular and metabolic profiles of offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technologies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 107:622–633
Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk J (2004) Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects – a systematic review. Hum Reprod 20:328–388
Hansen M, Kurinczuk JJ, Milne E, de Klerk N, Bower C (2013) Assisted reproductive technology and birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19:330–353
Hargreave M, Jensen A, Toender A, Andersen KK, Kjaer SK (2013) Fertility treatment and childhood cancer risk: a systematic meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 100:150–161
Henningsen AA, Wennerholm UB, Gissler M, Romundstad LB, Nygren KG, Tiitinen A, Skjaerven R, Nyboe Andersen A, Lidegaard Ø, Forman JL, Pinborg A (2014) Risk of stillbirth and infant deaths after assisted reproductive technology: a Nordic study from the CoNARTaS group. Hum Reprod 29:1090–1096
Helmerhorst FM, Perquin DA, Donker D, Keirse MJ (2004) Perinatal outcome of singletons and twins after assisted conception: a systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 328:261
Henriksen TB, Baird DD, Olsen J, Hedegaard M, Secher NJ, Wilcox AJ (1997) Time to pregnancy and preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 89:594–599
Horsthemke B, Ludwig M (2005) Assisted reproduction – the epigenetic perspective. Hum Reprod Update 11:473–482
Hvidtjorn D, Grove J, Schendel DE, Vaeth M, Ernst E, Nielsen LF, Thorsen P (2006) Cerebral palsy among children born after in vitro fertilization: the role of preterm delivery – a population-based, cohort study. Pediatrics 118:475–482
Ilioi EC, Golombok S (2015) Psychological adjustment in adolescents conceived by assisted reproduction techniques: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 21:84–96
Jackson RA, Gibson KA, Wu YW, Croughan MS (2004) Perinatal outcomes in singletons following in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 103:551–563
Kagan KO, Wright D, Spencer K, Molina FS, Nicolaides KH (2008) First-trimester screening for trisomy 21 by free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A: impact of maternal and pregnancy characteristics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31:493–502
Kagan KO, Etchegaray A, Zhou Y, Wright D, Nicolaides KH (2009) Prospective validation of first-trimester combined screening for trisomy 21. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 34:14–18
Kamath MS, Kirubakaran R, Mascarenhas M, Sunkara SK (2017) Perinatal outcomes after stimulated versus natural cycle IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 36:94
Katalinic A, Rösch C, Ludwig M (2004) Pregnancy course and outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) – a controlled, prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril 81:1604–1616
Kettner LO, Henriksen TB, Ray B, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Kesmodel US (2015) Assisted reproductive technology and somatic morbidity in childhood: a systematic review. Fertil Steril 103:707–719
Kissin DM, Zhang Y, Boulet SL, Fountain C, Bearman P, Schieve L, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Jamieson DJ (2015) Association of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment and parental infertility diagnosis with autism in ART-conceived children. Hum Reprod 30:454–465
Klemetti R, Sevon T, Gissler M, Hemminki E (2010) Health of children born after ovulation induction. Fertil Steril 93:1157–1168
Krantz D, Goetzl L, Simpson JL, Thom E, Zachary J, Hallahan TW, Silver R, Pergament E, Platt LD, Filkins K et al (2004) Association of extreme first-trimester free human chorionic gonadotropin-beta, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, nuchal translucency with intrauterine growth restriction and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:1452–1458
Kuiper D, Hoek A, la Bastide-van Gemert S, Seggers J, Mulder DJ, Haadsma M, Heineman MJ, Hadders-Algra M (2017) Cardiovascular health of 9-year-old IVF offspring: no association with ovarian hyperstimulation and the in vitro procedure. Hum Reprod 32:2540–2548
Kushnir VA, Frattarelli JL (2009) Aneuploidy in abortuses following IVF and ICSI. J Assist Reprod Genet 26:93–97
Lazaraviciute G, Kauser M, Bhattacharya S, Haggarty P, Bhattacharya S (2014) A systematic review and meta-analysis of DNA methylation levels and imprinting disorders in children conceived by IVF/ICSI compared with children conceived spontaneously. Hum Reprod Update 20:840–852
Lie RT, Lyngstadaas A, Orstavik KH, Bakketeig LS, Jacobsen G, Tanbo T (2004) Birth defects in children conceived by ICSI compared with children conceived by other IVF-methods; a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 34:696
Ludwig M, Katalinic A, Groß S, Sutcliffe AG, Varon R, Horsthemke B (2005) Increased prevalence of imprinting defects in patients with Angelman syndrome born to subfertile couples. J Med Genet 42:289–291
Ludwig AK, Sutcliffe AG, Diedrich K, Ludwig M (2006) Post-neonatal health and development of children born after assisted reproduction: a systematic review of controlled studies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 127:3–25
Ludwig AK, Katalinic A, Thyen U, Sutcliffe AG, Diedrich K, Ludwig M (2008) Physical health at 5.5 years of age of term-born singletons after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: results of a prospective, controlled, single-blinded study. Fertil Steril 91:115
Ludwig AK, Katalinic A, Thyen U, Sutcliffe AG, Diedrich K, Ludwig M (2009) Physical health at 5.5 years of age of term-born singletons after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: results of a prospective, controlled, single-blinded study. Fertil Steril 91:115–124
Ludwig AK, Hansen A, Katalinic A, Sutcliffe AG, Diedrich K, Ludwig M, Thyen U (2010) Assessment of vision and hearing in children conceived spontaneously and by ICSI: a prospective controlled, single-blinded follow-up study. Reprod Biomed Online 20:391–397
Ludwig AK, Krapp M, Eiben B, Kreiselmaier P, Ludwig M (2011) Schwangerschaften nach ART. Frauenarzt 52:52–59
Luke B, Brown MB, Grainger DA, Stern JE, Klein N, Cedars MI (2009) The effect of early fetal losses on singleton assisted-conception pregnancy outcomes. Fertil Steril 91:2578–2585
Madsen HN, Ball S, Wright D, Torring N, Petersen OB, Nicolaides KH, Spencer K (2011) A reassessment of biochemical marker distributions in trisomy 21-affected and unaffected twin pregnancies in the first trimester. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 37:38–47
Magnus MC, Ghaderi S, Morken N-H, Magnus P, Romundstad LB, Skjaerven R, Wilcox AJ, Håberg SE (2017) Vanishing twin syndrome among ART singletons and pregnancy outcomes. Hum Reprod 32:2298–2304
Maheshwari A, Pandey S, Shetty A, Hamilton M, Bhattacharya S (2012) Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from the transfer of frozen thawed versus fresh embryos generated through in vitro fertilization treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 98:368–377
Maheshwari A, Pandey S, Raja EA, Shetty A, Hamilton A, Bhattacharya S (2018) Is frozen embryo transfer better for mothers and babies? Can cumulative meta-analysis provide a definitive answer? Hum Reprod Update 24:35
Mains L, Zimmerman M, Blaine J, Stegmann B, Sparks A, Ansley T, Van VB (2010) Achievement test performance in children conceived by IVF. Hum Reprod 25:2605–2611
Malchau SS, Loft A, Henningsen AKA, Nyboe Andersen A, Pinborg A (2014) Perinatal outcomes in 6,338 singletons born after intrauterine insemination in Denmark, 2007 to 2012: the influence of ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 102:1110–1116
Martinez MC, Mendez C, Ferro J, Nicolas M, Serra V, Landeras J (2010) Cytogenetic analysis of early nonviable pregnancies after assisted reproduction treatment. Fertil Steril 93:289–292
McGovern PG, Llorens AJ, Skurnick JH, Weiss G, Goldsmith LT (2004) Increased risk of preterm birth in singleton pregnancies resulting from in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer or gamete intrafallopian transfer: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 82:1514–1520
Meschede D, Lemcke B, Exeler JR, De Geyter C, Behre HM, Nieschlag E, Horst J (1998) Chromosome abnormalities in 447 couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection – prevalence, types, sex distribution and reproductive relevance. Hum Reprod 13:576–582
Messerlian C, Maclagan L, Basso O (2013) Infertility and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 28:125–137
Middelburg KJ, Heineman MJ, Bos AF, Hadders-Algra M (2008) Neuromotor, cognitive, language and behavioural outcome in children born following IVF or ICSI-a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 14:219–231
Nelissen ECM, Dumoulin JCM, Daunay A, Evers JLH, Tost J, van Montfoort APA (2013) Placentas from pregnancies conceived by IVF/ICSI have a reduced DNA methylation level at the H19 and MEST differentially methylated regions. Hum Reprod 28:1117–1126
Nuojua-Huttunen S, Gissler M, Martikainen H, Tuomivaara L (1999) Obstetric and perinatal outcome of pregnancies after intrauterine insemination. Hum Reprod 14:2110–2115
O’Gorman N, Wright D, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, de Alvarado M, Carbone IF, Dutemeyer V, Fiolna M, Frick A, Karagiotis N, Mastrodima S, de Paco Matallana C, Papaioannou G, Pazos A, Plasencia W, Nicolaides KH (2017) Multicenter screening for preeclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11–13 weeks’ gestation: comparison to NICE guidelines and ACOG recommendations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17455
Pandey S, Shetty A, Hamilton M, Bhattacharya S, Maheshwari A (2012) Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from IVF/ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 18:485–503
Pandian Z, Bhattacharya S, Templeton A (2001) Review of unexplained infertility and obstetric outcome: a 10 year review. Hum Reprod 16:2593–2597
Peschka B, Leygraaf J, Van der Ven H, Montag M, Schartmann B, Schubert R, Schwanitz G (1999) Type and frequency of chromosome aberrations in 781 couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 14:2257–2263
Pezeshki K, Feldman J, Stein DE, Lobel SM, Grazi RV (2000) Bleeding and spontaneous abortion after therapy for infertility. Fertil Steril 74:504–508
Pharoah PO, Adi Y (2000) Consequences of in-utero death in a twin pregnancy. Lancet 355:1597–1602
Pinborg A, Lidegaard O, la Cour FN, Andersen AN (2005) Consequences of vanishing twins in IVF/ICSI pregnancies. Hum Reprod 20:2821–2829
Pinborg A, Lidegaard O, Freiesleben NC, Andersen AN (2007) Vanishing twins: a predictor of small-for-gestational age in IVF singletons. Hum Reprod 22:2707–2714
Pinborg A, Wennerholm UB, Romundstad LB, Loft A, Aittomaki K, Söderström-Anttila V, Nygren KG, Hazekamp J, Bergh C (2012) Why do singletons conceived after assisted reproduction technology have adverse perinatal outcome? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19:87–104
Ranta JK, Raatikainen K, Romppanen J, Pulkki K, Heinonen S (2010) Increased time-to-pregnancy and first trimester Down’s syndrome screening. Hum Reprod 25:412–417
Ravenswaaij R van, Tesselaar-van der Goot M, de Wolf S, van Leeuwen-Spruijt M, Visser GH, Schielen PC (2011) First-trimester serum PAPP-A and fbeta-hCG concentrations and other maternal characteristics to establish logistic regression-based predictive rules for adverse pregnancy outcome. Prenat Diagn 31:50–57
Reigstad MM, Larsen IK, Myklebust TA, Robsahm TE, Oldereid NB, Brinton LA, Storent R (2016) Risk of cancer in children conceived by assisted reproductive technology. Pediatrics 137:e20152061
Rimm AA, Katayama AC, Diaz M, Katayama KP (2004) A meta-analysis of controlled studies comparing major malformation rates in IVF and ICSI infants with naturally conceived children. J Assist Reprod Genet 21:437–443
Rizzo G, Aiello E, Pietrolucci ME, Arduini D (2016) Are there differences in placental volume and uterine artery Doppler in pregnancies resulting from the transfer of fresh versus frozen-thawed embryos through in vitro fertilization. Reprod Sci 23:1381–1386
Roberge S, Nicolaides K, Demers S, Hyett J, Chaillet N, Bujold E (2017) The role of aspirin dose on the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 216:110–120.e6
Romundstad LB, Romundstad PR, Sunde A, von Düring V, Skjaerven R, Gunnell D, Vatten LJ (2008) Effects of technology or maternal factors on perinatal outcome after assisted fertilisation: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 372:737–743
Rumbold AR, Moore VM, Whitrow MJ, Oswald TK, Moran LJ, Fernandez RC, Barnhart KT, Davies MJ (2017) The impact of specific fertility treatments on cognitive development in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review. Hum Reprod 32:1489–1507
Sagot P, Bechoua S, Ferdynus C, Facy A, Flamm X, Gouyon JB, Jimenez C (2012) Similarly increased congenital anomaly rates after intrauterine insemination and IVF technologies: a retrospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 27:902–909
Schieve LA, Ferre C, Peterson HB, Macaluso M, Reynolds MA, Wright VC (2004) Perinatal outcome among singleton infants conceived through assisted reproductive technology in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 103:1144–1153
Scholtes MC, Behrend C, Dietzel-Dahmen J, van Hoogstraten DG, Marx K, Wohlers S, Verhoeven H, Zeilmaker GH (1998) Chromosomal aberrations in couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection: influence on implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates. Fertil Steril 70:933–937
Sebire NJ, Noble PL, Psarra A, Papapanagiotou G, Nicolaides KH (1996a) Fetal karyotyping in twin pregnancies: selection of technique by measurement of fetal nuchal translucency. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103:887–890
Sebire NJ, Snijders RJM, Hughes K (1996b) Screening for trisomy 21 in twin pregnancies by maternal age and nuchal translucency thickness at 10 – 14 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103:999–1003
Sebire NJ, Souka A, Skentou H, Geerts L, Nicolaides KH (2000) Early prediction of severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Hum Reprod 15:2008–2010
Spangmose AL, Malchau SS, Schmidt L, Vassard D, Rasmussen S, Loft A, Forman J, Pinborg A (2017) Academic performance in adolescents born after ART – a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Hum Reprod 32:447–456
Spencer K, Cowans NJ, Avgidou K, Nicolaides KH (2006) First-trimester ultrasound and biochemical markers of aneuploidy and the prediction of impending fetal death. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 28:637–643
Spencer K, Kagan KO, Nicolaides KH (2008) Screening for trisomy 21 in twin pregnancies in the first trimester: an update of the impact of chorionicity on maternal serum markers. Prenat Diagn 28:49–52
Spencer K, Staboulidou I, Nicolaides KH (2010) First trimester aneuploidy screening in the presence of a vanishing twin: implications for maternal serum markers. Prenat Diagn 30:235–240
Sundh KJ, Henningsen AKA, Källen K, Bergh C, Romundstad LB, Gissler M, Pinborg A, Skjaerven R, Tiitinen A, Vassard D, Lannering B, Wnnerholm UB (2014) Cancer in children and young adults born after assisted reproductive technology: a Nordic cohort study from the Committee of Nordic ART and Safety (CoNARTaS). Hum Reprod 29:2050–2057
Sunkara SK, La Marca A, Seed PT, Khalaf Y (2015) Increased risk of preterm birth and low birthweight with very high number of oocytes following IVF: an analysis of 65 868 singleton live birth outcomes. Hum Reprod 30:1473–1480
Wagenaar K, Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch MM, Knol DL, van de Delemarre WH, Huisman J (2008) School functioning in 8- to 18-year-old children born after in vitro fertilization. Eur J Pediatr 167:1289–1295
Wang JX, Norman RJ, Wilcox AJ (2004) Incidence of spontaneous abortion among pregnancies produced by assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod 19:272–277
Wang YA, Nikravan R, Smith HC, Sullivan EA (2013) Higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus following assisted reproduction technology treatment. Hum Reprod 28:2554–2561
Wen J, Jiang J, Ding C, Dai J, Liu Y, Xia Y, Liu J, Hu Z (2012) Birth defects in children conceived by in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 97:1331–1337
Williams MA, Goldman MB, Mittendorf R, Monson RR (1991) Subfertility and the risk of low birth weight. Fertil Steril 56:668–671
Williams CL, Bunch KJ, Stiller CA, Murphy MFG, Botting BJ, Wallace H, Davies M, Sutcliffe AG (2013) Cancer Risk among Children Born after Assisted Conception. N Engl J Med 369:1819–1827
Wilson CL, Fisher JR, Hammarberg K, Amor DJ, Halliday JL (2011) Looking downstream: a review of the literature on physical and psychosocial health outcomes in adolescents and young adults who were conceived by ART. Hum Reprod 26:1209–1219
Zandstra H, Van Montfoort APA, Dumoulin JCM (2015) Does the type of culture medium used influence birthweight of children born after IVF? Hum Reprod 30:530–542
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ludwig, A.K., Ludwig, M. (2018). Schwangerschaften nach assistierter Reproduktion. In: Diedrich, K., Ludwig, M., Griesinger, G. (eds) Reproduktionsmedizin. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55601-6_49-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55601-6_49-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-55601-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-55601-6
eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Medizin