Skip to main content

Analysis of Seafood Aroma/Odour by Electronic Nose Technology and Direct Analysis

  • Chapter
Seafoods — Quality, Technology and Nutraceutical Applications

Abstract

Volatile aroma compounds are generally regarded to be important parameters for determining the flavour quality and spoilage index in marine-based products. Although sensory assessment is desirable (provided it is carried out scientifically and correctly) it has limitations, including the study of flavour at the molecular level. Therefore an increasing emphasis has been placed on developing instrumentation and methods which can reliably identify and rapidly quantify key odourants in seafood, and studying how processing, abuse and storage can affect them. This chapter describes the major chemical classes of flavour compounds found in seafood and the methods available for their detection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sloan AE, McNutt KW, Powers M (1986) Consumers’ attitudes about shelflife and technology. In: Charalambous G (ed) The shelflife of foods and beverages. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 63–72

    Google Scholar 

  2. Branch AC, Vail AMA (1985) Bringing fish inspection into the computer age. Food Technol Aust 37: 352–355

    Google Scholar 

  3. Oehlenschlager J (1992) Evaluation of some well established and some underrated indices for the determination of freshness and/or spoilage of ice stored wet fish. In: Huss HH, Jakobsonen M, Liston J (eds) Quality assurance in the fish industry. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 339–350

    Google Scholar 

  4. Stone H, Sidel JS, Oliver S, Woolsey A, Singleton RC (1974) Sensory evaluation by quantitative descriptive analysis. Food Technol 11: 24–34

    Google Scholar 

  5. British Standards Institute (1986) British standards methods for sensory analysis of foods. Part 4: flavour profile method. British standards Institution, London

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ryder JM (1985) Determination of ATP and its breakdown products in fish muscle by HPLC. J Agric Food Chem 33: 678–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Luong JHT, Male BK, Huynh MD (1991) Applications of polarography for assessment of fish freshness. J Food Sci 56: 335–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kryzmien M, Elias L, Sim PG (1992) Development of an instrumental approach to assessing fish freshness by headspace analysis for trimethylamine. In: Bligh EG (ed) Seafood science and technology. Fishing New Books ( Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology ), Halifax, pp 216–224

    Google Scholar 

  9. Olafsdottir G, Martinsdottir E, Oehlenschlager J, Dalgaard P, Jensen B, Undeland I, Mackie IM, Henehan G, Nielsen J, Nilsen H (1997) Methods to evaluate fish freshness in research and industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 8: 258–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Pedrosa-Menabritto A, Regenstein JM (1990) Shelf-life extension of fresh fish - a review. Part III - fish quality and methods of assessment. J Food Qual 13: 209–223

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rodriguez CJ, Villar-Estalote V, Besteiro I, Pascual C (1997) Biochemical indices of freshness during processing sardine for canning. In: Luten JP, Borresen T, Oehlenschlager (eds) Seafood from producer to consumer, integrated approach to quality. Elsevier Science Publishers, Oxford, pp 203–210

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wood R, Nilsson A, Wallin H (1998) Quality in the food analysis laboratory. Royal Society of Cambridge Publications, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  13. Horwitz W (1982) Evaluation of analytical methods used for regulation of foods and drugs. Anal Chem 54: 67–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Josephson DB, Lindsay RC, Stuiber DA (1984) Biogenesis of lipid-derived volatile aroma compounds in the Emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides). J Agric Food Chem 32: 13471352

    Google Scholar 

  15. Josephson DB, Lindsay RC (1986) Enzymic generation of volatile aroma compounds from fresh fish. In: Parliment TH, Croteau R (eds) Biogeneration of aroma. ACS Symposium Series 317. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 201–221

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Ashie INA, Smith JP, Simpson BK (1996) Spoilage and shelf-life extension of fresh fish and shellfish. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 36: 87–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ross DA, Love RM (1979) Decreased in the cold store flavour developed by frozen fillets of starved cod (Gadus morhua, L). J Food Technol 14: 115–122

    Google Scholar 

  18. Shankaranarayana ML, Raghaven B, Abraham KO, Natarajan CP (1989) Sulphur compounds in flavours. In: Morton ID, McLeod AJ (eds) Food flavours, part A. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, pp 169–281

    Google Scholar 

  19. Whitfield FB, Freeman DJ, Bannister PA (1981) Dimethyl trisulphide: an important off-flavour component in the royal red prawn. Chem Ind 10: 692–693

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kawai T (1996) Fish flavour. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 36: 257–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. McGill AS, Hardy R, Burt RJ, Gunstone FD (1974) Hept-cis-4-enal and its contribution to the off-flavour in cold stored cod. J Sci Food Agric 25: 1477–1489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. McGill AS, Hardy R, Gunstone FD (1977) Further analysis of the volatile components of frozen cold-stored cod and the influence of these on flavour. J Sci Food Agric 28: 200–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hofer T (1998) Tainting of seafood and marine pollution. Water Res 32: 3505–3512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Whitfield FB (1999) Biological origins of off-flavours in fish and crustaceans. Water Sci Technol 40: 265–272

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Whitfield FB, Last JH, Shaw KJ, Tindale CR (1988) 2,6-Dibromophenol: the cause of an iodoform-like off-flavour in some Australian crustacea. J Sci Food Agric 46: 29–42

    Google Scholar 

  26. Persaud J, Dodd GH (1982) Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose. Nature 299: 352–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gardner JW, Hines EL (1997) Pattern analysis techniques. In: Kress-Rogers E (ed) Handbook of biosensors and electronic noses: medicine, food and the environment. CRC Press, pp 633–652

    Google Scholar 

  28. Schaller E, Bosettand JO, Escher F (1998) Electronic noses and their application to food. Lebensm-Wiss-Technol 31: 305–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dickinson TA, White J, Kauer JS, Waltz DR (1996) A chemical-detecting system based on cross-reactive optical sensor array. Nature 382: 697–700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lonergan MC, Severin EJ, Doleman EJ, Beaber SA, Grubbs RH, Lewis NS (1996) Array-based vapour sensing using chemically sensitive, carbon-black polymer resistors. Chem Mater 8: 2298–2312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ali Z (1999) Acoustic wave mass sensors. J Therm Anal Calorim 55 (2): 397–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sauerbrey GZ (1959) Verwendung von schwingquarzen zur wägung dünner schichten and zur mikrowagung. Z Phys 155: 206–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Holmberg M, Winquist F, Lundstrom L, Gardner JW, Hines EL (1995) Identification of paper quality using a hybrid electronic nose. Sens Actuat B 246: 26–27

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bishop CM (1995) Neural networks for pattern recognition. OUP

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zadeh L (1965) Fuzzy sets. Inf Cont 8: 338–341

    Google Scholar 

  36. Yea B, Konishi R, Osaki T, Sugahara K (1994) The discrimination of many kinds of odour species using fuzzy reasoning and neural networks. Sens Actuat A 45: 159–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ali Z, O’Hare WT, Sarkodie-Gyan T, Theaker BJ (1999) Gas-sensing system using an array of coated quartz crystal microbalances with a fuzzy interference system. J Ther Anal Calorim 55 (2): 371–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ali Z, Theaker B, O’Hare WT, Rowell FJ, Sarkodie-Gyan T, Scott S (2000) Classification of fresh edible oils with piezoelectric quartz crystal based electronic nose. Seventh International Symposium Olfaction and Electronic Nose, ISOEN 2000, 20–24th July 2000, Brighton; to be published as book by Institute of Physics

    Google Scholar 

  39. Shimizu Y, Takao Y, Egashira M (1988) Detection of freshness of fish by a semiconductive Ru/TiO2 sensor. J Electrochem Soc 135: 2539–2540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nanto H, Sokooshi H, Usuda T (1993) Smell sensor using aluminium-doped zinc oxide thin film prepared by sputtering technique. Sens Actuat B 10: 79–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Winquist F, Sundgren H, Lundström I (1995) A practical use of electronic noses: quality estimation of cod fillet bought over the counter. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Solid-Sate Sensors and Actuators, and Eurosensors IX. Stockholm, Sweden: June 25–29, 1995, pp 695–698

    Google Scholar 

  42. Olafsson R, Martinsdottir E, ólafsdottir G, Sigfusson SI, Gardner JW (1992) Monitoring of fish freshness using tin oxide sensors. In: Gardner JW, Bartlett PN (eds) Sensors and sensory systems for an electronic nose. Kluwer, Dodrecht, The Netherlands, pp 257272

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lindsay RC (1994) Flavour of fish. In: Shahidi F, Botta JR (eds) Seafoods: chemistry, processing technology and quality. Blackie Academic and Professional, Glasgow, UK, pp 75–84

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  44. Di Natale C, Brunink JAJ, Bungaro F, Davide F, D’Amico A, Paolesse R, Boschi T, Faccio M, Ferri G (1996) Recognition of fish storage time by a metalloporphyrins-coated QMB sensor array. Meas Sci Technol 7: 1103–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Luzuriaga DA, Balaban MO (1999) Electronic nose odour evaluation of salmon fillets stored at different temperatures. In: Hurst WJ (ed) Electronic noses and sensor array based systems-design and applications. Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, pp 162–169

    Google Scholar 

  46. Newman DJ, Luzuriaga DA, Balaban MO (1999) Odour and microbiological evaluation of raw tuna: correlation of sensory and electronic nose data. In: Hurst WJ (ed) Electronic noses and sensor array based systems–design and applications. Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, pp 170–176

    Google Scholar 

  47. Wilkes JG, Conte ED, Yongkyoung K, Holcomb M, Sutherland JB, Miller DW (2000) Sample preparation for the analysis of flavours and off-flavours in foods. J Chromatogr A 880: 3–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bonilla M, Enriquez G, McNair HM (1997) Use of cold on-column injection for the analysis of putrescine and cadaverine by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 35: 53–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Cadwallader KR, Macleod AJ (1998) Instrumental methods for analysing the flavour of muscle foods. In: Shahidi F (ed) Flavour of meat, meat products and seafoods. Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp 355–372

    Google Scholar 

  50. Cadwallader KR, Tan Q, Chen F, Meyers SP (1995) Evaluation of the aroma of cooked spiny lobster tail meat by aroma extract dilution analysis. J Agric Food Chem 43: 2432–2437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Chung HY, Chen F, Cadwallader KR (1995) Cooked blue crab meat aroma compared with lump meat. J Food Sci 60: 289–291, 299

    Google Scholar 

  52. Milo C, Grosch W (1997) Potent odourants in boiled cod as affected by the storage of raw material. In: Shahidi F, Cadwallader KR (eds) Flavour and lipid chemistry of seafoods. ACS Symposium Series 674, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 110–119

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  53. Cha YJ, Lee GH, Cadwallader KR (1997) Aroma-active compounds in salt-fermented anchovy. In: Shahidi F, Cadwallader KR (eds) Flavour and lipid chemistry of seafoods. ACS Symposium Series 674, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 131–147

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  54. Etievant PX (1996) Artifacts and contaminants in the analysis of food flavour. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 36: 733–745

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hiatt M (1997) Analysis of fish tissue by vacuum distillation GC-MS. Anal Chem 69: 1127–1134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wampler TP (1997) Analysis of food volatiles using headspace-gas chromatographic techniques. In: Marsili R (ed) Techniques for analysing food aroma. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 27–58

    Google Scholar 

  57. Alasalvar C, Quantick PC, Grigor JM (1997) Aroma compounds of fresh and stored mackerel (Scomber scombrus). In: Shahidi F, Cadwallader KR (eds) Flavour and lipid chemistry of seafoods. ACS Symposium Series 674. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 39–54

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  58. Josephson DB, Lindsay RC, Stuiber DA (1984) Variations in the occurrences of enzymically derived volatile aroma compounds in salt and freshwater fish. J Agric Food Chem 32: 1344–1347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Alasalvar C, Aishima T, Quantick PC (1995) Dynamic headspace analysis of volatile aroma compounds of fresh and deteriorated mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Food Sci Technol Int, Tokyo 1: 125–127

    Google Scholar 

  60. Josephson DB, Lindsay RC, ólafsdottir G (1987) Measurement of valatile aroma constituents as a means for following sensory deterioration of fresh fish and fishery products. In: Kramer DA, Liston J (eds) Seafood quality determination. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 27–47

    Google Scholar 

  61. Alasalvar C, Grigor JM, Quantick PC (1999) Methods for the static headspace analysis of carrot volatiles. Food Chem 65: 391–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Zhang Z, Yang M, Pawliszyn J (1994) Solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chem 66: 844–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Harmon AD (1997) Solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of flavours. In: Marsili R (ed) Techniques for analysing food aroma. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 81–112

    Google Scholar 

  64. Taylor AJ (1996) Volatile flavour release from foods during eating. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 36: 765–784

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Brauss M, Linforth R, Taylor A (1998) Effect of variety, time of eating and fruit to fruit variation on volatile release during eating of tomato fruits. J Agric Food Chem 46: 2287–2292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Taylor A, Linforth R (1996) Flavour release in the mouth. Trends Food Sci Technol 7: 444–448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grigor, J.M., Theaker, B.J., Alasalvar, C., O’Hare, W.T., Ali, Z. (2002). Analysis of Seafood Aroma/Odour by Electronic Nose Technology and Direct Analysis. In: Alasalvar, C., Taylor, T. (eds) Seafoods — Quality, Technology and Nutraceutical Applications. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09836-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09836-3_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07635-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-09836-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics