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A Tentative Hazard Assessment of Hexachlorobenzene in the Aquatic Environment

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Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Environmental Management ((SSEM))

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Summary

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is today known as an environmental pollutant of ubiquitous occurrence. Its physical properties favor its global distribution and its accumulation in sediments and biota. Its chemical properties result in only slow abiotic and biotic degradation. HCB was earlier used in some industrial connections but above all as a fungicide. However, after a severe disaster in Turkey in the 1950’s - delayed outbreak of liver porphyria in persons eating HCB-treated seed grains - most applications gradually ceased. Since the input into the environment continues, other sources must exist and these are discussed in the present survey.

The analysis of HCB presents some problems and methods to overcome these are briefly mentioned. Analysis of samples of air, water, sediment and fish point to a fairly even distribution within the western hemisphere; industrialized areas may show increased levels.

Among the persistent xenobiotics HCB displays extreme physical properties, the influence of which on uptake and bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is briefly discussed. The lack of detailed investigations covering the metabolism of HCB in e. g., fish has rendered necessary a brief account of its far better known biotransformation in rats and mice. This is initially very slow but the rate increases gradually during a chronic exposure, possibly reflecting the pronounced enzyme-inducing properties of HCB. Apart from the main metabolite - pentachlorophenol - numerous other products containing oxygen or sulfur have been identified. Mechanistic studies have revealed a route directly from HCB to sulfur-containing conjugates via microsomally bound glutathione S-transferases. It is today well established that oxidative transformation of HCB via a P-450-dependent MFO-system is a prerequisite for outbreak of porphyria e.g., in the rat. However, experiments using carbon-14-labeled compounds indicate that HCB-metabolites as such are not directly involved in the porphyria-induction process. These results are supported by tests where pentachlorobenzene - forming the same phenolic metabolites as HCB - is reported not to induce porphyria in the rat. Alternative mechanisms involving, e. g., oxygen radicals are now being discussed.

The acute toxicity of HCB to aquatic organisms as studied in laboratory experiments is low. Effects, if observed, occur at levels far above those found in the environment. It is, however, noteworthy that long-term tests comparable to those on rats and mice have apparently not been performed. Exposure of a protozoan to HCB is reported to give disturbed porphyrin metabolism. Field studies indicate similar effects in pike exposed to HCB, PCB and DDT. An acceptable advanced hazard assessment of HCB would require extended tests to comprise potential porphyrinogenic capacity of HCB and also effects on reproduction capacity. To permit comparison with fish caught in the field it is essential that laboratory exposure is expressed as content in fish, preferably on a lipid base.

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  1. Carl Axel Wachtmeister
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  2. Rolf Ekelund
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  1. Swedish Environmental Research Group, Götgatan 35, 116 21, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lars Landner

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Wachtmeister, C.A., Ekelund, R. (1989). A Tentative Hazard Assessment of Hexachlorobenzene in the Aquatic Environment. In: Landner, L. (eds) Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61334-0_13

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