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Advanced Hazard Assessment of Arsenic in the Swedish Environment

  • Chapter
Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Environmental Management ((SSEM))

Summary

Arsenic occurs as a natural component of aquatic environments and at raised levels due to pollution. In Sweden it is emitted mainly as inorganic arsenic.

Arsenate is the dominating arsenic species in natural waters while reduced species such as arsenite may predominate in interstitial water of sediments. In addition, arsenic may be present as organic compounds or in inorganic complexes. All these forms are interconverted due to chemical or biological acitvity. The ecotoxicity of arsenic is therefore a variable that can be determined only for a defined system of arsenic species and biological targets.

Sediments seem to be the main sink for arsenic input in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore the sediment-dwelling fauna may be affected by the large amounts of arsenic accumulating in their habitat.

The most significant route of arsenic into aquatic biota is the uptake of arsenate in algae. Algae have a high capacity to transform arsenate for example to arsenite, methylated arsenic acids, arsenosugars and arsenolipids. Algal metabolism is therefore crucial for the distribution of arsenic in the ecosystem. No biomagnification of arsenic occurs but several organic arsenic compounds formed by algae, and their degradation products, have been identified at higher trophic levels of the ecosystem.

Algae are also the main target of arsenate toxicity. The mode of action is through interference with phosphate metabolism, particularly in photosynthesis. The competition between arsenate and phosphate for various biochemical sites implies that phosphate can protect algae from arsenate toxicity. This is expressed in the considerably higher sensitivity of freshwater algal communities as compared to brackish-water or marine algae. Phosphorus-limited environments (such as lakes, streams and the Gulf of Bothnia) should therefore be considered particularly vulnerable to arsenate exposure. In Sweden most arsenic pollution occurs in these environments.

Periphyton and Fucus from the Baltic Sea are affected at levels found in large areas of the sea around a smelter discharging into the Gulf of Bothnia. Since Fucus is the dominating structural element of Baltic littoral ecosystems, impact on this plant may cause drastic secondary effects on the entire ecosystem. Freshwater algal communities are affected at concentrations similar to or even lower than the back-ground levels of many Swedish lakes. In polluted streams and lakes these levels are exceeded at least fivefold.

In conclusion, arsenic contamination is a significant problem in the Swedish environment, and every increase in the arsenic loading of phosphorus- limited ecosystems will result in effects on the algal communities.

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Authors
  1. Hans Blanck
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  2. Kerstin Holmgren
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  3. Lars Landner
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  4. Harald Norin
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  5. Mats Notini
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  6. Arno Rosemarin
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  7. Brita Sundelin
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  1. Swedish Environmental Research Group, Götgatan 35, 116 21, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lars Landner

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Blanck, H. et al. (1989). Advanced Hazard Assessment of Arsenic in the Swedish Environment. In: Landner, L. (eds) Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61334-0_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61334-0_11

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