Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunction

  • Chapter
Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction in Critical Illness

Part of the book series: Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine ((UICMSOFT,volume 38))

  • 104 Accesses

Abstract

The systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and its associated syndromes [1] represent formidable problems in critical care medicine, afflicting more than 1% of hospital patients. In 40% of cases, circulatory failure or septic shock ensues with an associated mortality of 40–80%, resulting in approximately 250, 000 deaths per annum in the United States alone [2]. Death is usually attributable to the multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference (1992) Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 20:864–874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Friedman G, Silva E, Vincent JL (1998) Has the mortality of septic shock changed with time. Crit Care Med 26:2078–2086

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Luce JM (1998) Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 26:369–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288:373–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Opal SM, Cohen J (1999) Clinical gram-positive sepsis: does it fundamentally differ from gram-negative bacterial sepsis? Crit Care Med 27:1608–1616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J (1996) Bacteremia and severe sepsis in adults: a multicenter prospective survey in ICUs and wards of 24 hospitals. French Bacteremia-Sepsis Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:617–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sriskandan S, Cohen J (1999) Gram-positive sepsis. Mechanisms and differences from gramnegative sepsis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 13:397–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cohen J, Abraham E (1999) Microbiologic findings and correlations with serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J Infect Dis 180:116–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Menzies BE, Kourteva I (1998) Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by endothelial cells induces apoptosis. Infect Immun 66:5994–5998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Grimminger F, Rose F, Sibelius U, et al (1997) Human endothelial cell activation and mediator release in response to the bacterial exotoxins Escherichia coli hemolysin and staphylococcal alpha-toxin. J Immunol 159:1909–1916

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pugin J, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS (1995) Activation of endothelial cells by endotoxin: direct versus indirect pathways and the role of CD 14. Prog Clin Biol Res 392:369–373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kusunoki T, Hailman E, Juan TS, Lichenstein HS, Wright SD (1995) Molecules from Staphylococcus aureus that bind CD14 and stimulate innate immune responses. J Exp Med 182:1673–1682

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Beutler B (2000) Tlr4: central component of the sole mammalian LPS sensor. Curr Opin Immunol 12:20–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Medzhitov R, Janeway CI Jr. (2000) Review Articles: Advances in Immunology: Innate Immunity. N Engl J Med 343:338–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Blease K, Chen Y, Hellewell PG, Burke-Gaffney A (1999) Lipoteichoic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced adhesion molecule expression and IL-8 release in human lung microvascular endothelial cells. J Immunol 163:6139–6147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Levashina EA, Langley E, Green C, et al (1999) Constitutive activation of toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila. Science 285:1917–1919

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Watari M, Watari H, Nachamkin I, Strauss JF (2000) Lipopolysaccharide induces expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines and the elastin-degrading enzyme, cathepsin S, in human cervical smooth-muscle cells. J Soc Gynecol Investig 7:190–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Balk RA, Bone RC (1989) The septic syndrome. Definition and clinical implications. Crit Care Clin 5:1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Marks JD, Marks CB, Luce JM, et al (1990) Plasma tumor necrosis factor in patients with septic shock. Mortality rate, incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome, and effects of methylprednisolone administration. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:94–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pittet JF, Mackersie RC, Martin TR, Matthay MA (1997) Biological markers of acute lung injury: prognostic and pathogenetic significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155: 1187–1205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Donnelly TJ, Meade P, Jagels M, et al (1994) Cytokine, complement, and endotoxin profiles associated with the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome after severe injury. Crit Care Med 22:768–776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Anonymous (1999) Proceedings of the 41st Annual Thomas L. Petty Aspen Lung Conference: Acute Lung Injury. Chest 116:1S–127S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Suter PM, Pedoto A, Vercesi P, Lissoni A (1998) Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Different syndromes? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:3–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. van Deventer SJH (2000) Cytokine and cytokine receptor polymorphisms in infectious disease. Intensive Care Med 26:S98–S102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Millar AB, Foley NM, Singer M, Johnson NM, Meager A, Rook GA (1989) Tumour necrosis factor in bronchopulmonary secretions of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 2:712–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Suter PM, Suter S, Girardin E, Roux-Lombard P, Grau GE, Dayer JM (1992) High bronchoalveolar levels of tumor necrosis factor and its inhibitors, interleukin-1, interferon, and elastase, in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome after trauma, shock, or sepsis. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:1016–1022

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Miller EJ, Cohen AB, Nagao S, et al (1992) Elevated levels of NAP-l/interleukin-8 are present in the airspaces of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and are associated with increased mortality. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:427–432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Goodman RB, Strieter RM, Martin DP, et al (1996) Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:602–611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zapol WM, Snider MT (1977) Pulmonary hypertension in severe acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 296:476–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Snapper JR, Thabes JS, Lefferts PL, Lu W (1998) Role of endothelin in endotoxin-induced sustained pulmonary hypertension in sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:81–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dantzker DR, Brook CJ, Dehart P, Lynch JP, Weg JG (1979) Ventilation-perfusion distributions in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 120:1039–1052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Archer SL, Weir EK, Reeve HL, Michelakis E (2000) Molecular identification of 02 sensors and O2-sensitive potassium channels in the pulmonary circulation. Adv Exp Med Biol 475:219–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Liu SF, Crawley DE, Barnes PJ, Evans TW (1991) Endothelium-derived relaxing factor inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:32–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Singh S, Anning PB, Winlove CP, Evans TW (1999) Permeability of aortuc endothelium to albumin is altered by sepsis and L-NAME. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:A613 (Abst)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Nunokawa Y, Ishida N, Tanaka S (1994) Promoter analysis of human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene associated with cardiovascular homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200:802–807

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu SF, Ye X, Malik AB(1997) In vivo inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B activation prevents inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and systemic hypotension in a rat model of septic shock. J Immunol 159:3976–3983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kamijo R, Harada H, Matsuyama T, et al (1994) Requirement for transcription factor IRF-1 in NO synthase induction in macrophages. Science 263:1612–1615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Spink J, Evans T (1997) Binding of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-1 to the inducible nitric-oxide synthase promoter. J Biol Chem 272:24417–24425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Liu S, Adcock IM, Old RW, Barnes PJ, Evans TW (1993) Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vivo induces widespread tissue expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 196:1208–1213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Liu SF, Adcock IM, Old RW, Barnes PJ, Evans TW (1996) Differential regulation of the constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA by lipopolysaccharide treatment in vivo in the rat. Crit Care Med 24:1219–1225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. MacNaul KL, Hutchinson NI (1993) Differential expression of iNOS and cNOS mRNA in human vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells under normal and inflammatory conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 196:1330–1334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Grover R, Zaccardelli D, Colice G, Guntupalli K, Watson D, Vincent JL (1999) An open-label dose escalation study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(G)-methyl-L-arginine hydrochloride (546C88), in patients with septic shock. Glaxo Wellcome International Septic Shock Study Group. Crit Care Med 27:913–922

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tsukahara Y, Morisaki T, Horita Y, Torisu M, Tanaka M (1998) Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in circulating neutrophils of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and septic patients. World J Surg 22:771–777

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Annane D, Sanquer S, Sebille V, et al (2000) Compartmentalised inducible nitric-oxide synthase activity in septic shock. Lancet 355:1143–1148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Griffiths MJ, Curzen NP, Mitchell JA, Evans TW (1997) In vivo treatment with endotoxin increases rat pulmonary vascular contractility despite NOS induction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:654–658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Goto K, Masaki T (1988) A novel peptide vasoconstrictor, endothelin, is produced by vascular endothelium and modulates smooth muscle Ca2+ channels. J Hypertens Suppl 6:S188–S191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Woods M, Bishop-Bailey D, Pepper JR, Evans TW, Mitchell JA, Warner TD (1998) Cytokine and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of endothelin-1 release from human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein smooth-muscle cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31:S348–S350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Michael JR, Markewitz BA (1996) Endothelins and the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:555–581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Curzen NP, Jourdan KB, Mitchell JA (1996) Endothelial modification of pulmonary vascular tone. Intensive Care Med 22:596–607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dupuis J, Stewart DJ, Cernacek P, Gosselin G (1996) Human pulmonary circulation is an important site for both clearance and production of endothelin-1. Circulation 94:1578–1584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Langleben D, DeMarchie M, Laporta D, Spanier AH, Schlesinger RD, Stewart DJ (1993) Endothelin-1 in acute lung injury and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:1646–1650

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Curzen NP, Griffiths MJ, Evans TW (1995) Contraction to endothelin-1 in pulmonary arteries from endotoxin-treated rats is modulated by endothelium. Am J Physiol 268: H2260–H2266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Curzen NP, Mitchell JA, Jourdan KB, Griffiths MJ, Evans TW (1996) Endothelin-1-induced contraction of pulmonary arteries from endotoxemic rats is attenuated by the endothelin-A receptor antagonist, BQ123. Crit Care Med 24:2007–2013

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Guc MO, Furman BL, Parratt JR (1990) Endotoxin-induced impairment of vasopressor and vasodepressor responses in the pithed rat. Br J Pharmacol 101:913–919

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lundberg JM, Weitzberg E, Rudehill A, Hemsem A, Modin A (1995) The endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan reduces pulmonary hypertension in endotoxin shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:A317 (abst)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Gardiner SM, Kemp PA, March JE, Bennett T (1995) Enhancement of the hypotensive and vasodilator effects of endotoxaemia in conscious rats by the endothelin antagonist, SB 209670. Br J Pharmacol 116:1718–1719

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Curzen NP, Kaddoura S, Griffiths MJ, Evans TW (1997) Endothelin-1 in rat endotoxemia: mRNA expression and vasoreactivity in pulmonary and systemic circulations. Am J Physiol 272:H2353–H2360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Chen SJ, Chen YF, Meng QC, Durand J, Dicarlo VS, Oparil S (1995) Endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan prevents and reverses hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats. J Appl Physiol 79:2122–2131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kirshbom PM, Tsui SS, DiBernardo LR, et al (1995) Blockade of endothelin-converting enzyme reduces pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. Surgery 118:440–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ziesche R, Petkov V, Williams J, et al (1996) Lipopolysaccharide and interleukin 1 augment the effects of hypoxia and inflammation in human pulmonary arterial tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12478–12483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mitchell JA, Larkin S, Williams TJ (1995) Cyclooxygenase-2: regulation and relevance in inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 50:1535–1542 50:1535–1542

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Petrak RA, Balk RA, Bone RC (1989) Prostaglandins, cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, and thromboxane synthetase inhibitors in the pathogenesis of multiple systems organ failure. Crit Care Clin 5:303–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Leeman M, Boeynaems JM, Degaute JP, Vincent JL, Kahn RJ (1985) Administration of dazoxiben, a selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 87:726–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ahmed T, Wasserman MA, Muccitelli R, Tucker S, Gazeroglu H, Marchette B (1986) Endotoxin-induced changes in pulmonary hemodynamics and respiratory mechanics: role of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1149–1157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. McCormack DG, Mehta S, Tyml K, Scott JA, Potter R, Rohan M (2000) Pulmonary microvascular changes during sepsis evaluation using intravital microscopy. Microvasc Res 60:131–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Carlos TM, Harlan JM (1994) Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood 84:2068–2101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Thompson RD, Wakelin MW, Larbi KY, et al (2000) Divergent effects of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 and beta 3 integrin blockade on leukocyte transmigration in vivo. J Immunol 165:426–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Werr J, Xie X, Hedqvist P, Ruoslahti E, Lindbom L (1998) betal integrins are critically involved in neutrophil locomotion in extravascular tissue In vivo. J Exp Med 187:2091–2096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Knapen MF, Oyen WJ, Hendriks T, Corstens FH, Goris RJ (1997) Organ damage is preceded by changes in protein extravasation in an experimental model of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Shock 7:98–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Michel CC, Curry FE (2000) Microvascular permeability. Physiol Rev 79:703–761

    Google Scholar 

  71. Merkle CJ, Wilson LM, Baldwin AL (1998) Acute blood stasis reduces interstitial uptake of albumin from intestinal microcirculatory networks. Am J Physiol 274:H600–H608

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Yuan Y, Granger HJ, Zawieja DC, Chilian WM (1992) Flow modulates coronary venular permeability by a nitric oxide-related mechanism. Am J Physiol 263:H641–H646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Schnitzer JE, Allard J, Oh P (1995) NEM inhibits transcytosis, endocytosis, and capillary permeability: implication of caveolae fusion in endothelia. Am J Physiol 268:H48–H55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Michel CC (1996) Transport of macromolecules through microvascular walls. Cardiovasc Res 32:644–653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Grega GJ, Adamski SW, Dobbins DE (1986) Physiological and pharmacological evidence for the regulation of permeability. Fed Proc 45:96–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Majno G, Shea SM, Leventhal M (1969) Endothelial contraction induced by histamine-type mediators: an electron microscopic study. J Cell Biol 42:647–672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Haupt MT (1989) The use of crystalloidal and colloidal solutions for volume replacement in hypovolemic shock. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 27:1–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Deng X, Wang X, Andersson R (1995) Endothelial barrier resistance in multiple organs after septic and nonseptic challenges in the rat. J Appl Physiol 78:2052–2061

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hunter DN, Lawrence R, Morgan CJ, Evans TW (1990) The use of caesium iodide mini scintillation counters for dual isotope pulmonary capillary permeability studies. Nucl Med Commun 11:879–888

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Boughton-Smith NK, Evans SM, Whittle BJ, Moncada S (1993) Induction of nitric oxide synthase in rat intestine and its association with tissue injury. Agents Actions 38:C125–C126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Arfors KE, Rutili G, Svensjo E (1979) Microvascular transport of macromolecules in normal and inflammatory conditions. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 463:93–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Shepro D, Morel NM (1993) Pericyte physiology. Faseb J 7:1031–1038

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bannerman DD, Sathyamoorthy M, Goldblum SE (1998) Bacterial lipopolysaccharide disrupts endothelial monolayer integrity and survival signaling events through caspase cleavage of adherens junction proteins. J Biol Chem 273:35371–35380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kurose I, Kubes P, Wolf R, et al (1993) Inhibition of nitric oxide production. Mechanisms of vascular albumin leakage. Circ Res 73:164–171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Panes J, Perry MA, Anderson DC, et al (1995) Regional differences in constitutive and induced ICAM-1 expression in vivo. Am J Physiol 269:H1955–H1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gautam N, Herwald H, Hedquist P, Lindbom L (2000) Signalling via beta-2 integrins triggers neutrophil-dependent alteration in endothelial barrier function. J Exp Med 191:1829–1839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kubes P, Granger DN (1992) Nitric oxide modulates microvascular permeability. Am J Physiol 262:H611–H615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Mayhan WG (1994) Nitric oxide accounts for histamine-induced increases in macromolecular extravasation. Am J Physiol 266:H2369–H2373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Filep JG, Delalandre A, Beauchamp M (1997) Dual role for nitric oxide in the regulation of plasma volume and albumin escape during endotoxin shock in conscious rats. Circ Res 81:840–847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Arkovitz MS, Wispe JR, Garcia VF, Szabo C (1996) Selective inhibition of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase prevents pulmonary transvascular flux during acute endotoxemia. J Pediatr Surg 31:1009–1015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Abraham E (2000) Coagulation abnormalities in acute lung injury and sepsis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22:401–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Levi M, ten Cate H, Bauer EKA, et al (1994) Inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of coagulation adn fibrinolysis by pentoxifylline or by a monoldonal anti-tissue factor antibody in a chimpanzee model. J Clin Invest 93:114–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Drake TA, Cheng J, Chang A, Taylor FB (1993) Expression of tissue factor, thrombomodulin, and E-selectin in baboons with lethal Escherichia cole sepsis. Am J Pathol 142:1458–1470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Saadi S, Holzkecht RA, Patte CP, Stern DM, Platt JL (1995) Complement mediated regulation of tissue factor activity in endothelium. J Exp Med 182:1807–1814

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Pietra GG, Ruttner JR, Wust W, Glinz W (1981) The lung after trauma and shock-fine structure of the alveolar-capillary barrier in 23 autopsies. J Trauma 21:454–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Idell S, Gonzalez K, Bradford H, et al (1987) Procoagulant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Contribution of tissue factor associated with factor VII. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:1466–1474

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Ware LB, Matthay MA (1996) The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1334–1349

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK

    S. J. Finney, S. J. Wort & T. W. Evans

Authors
  1. S. J. Finney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. J. Wort
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T. W. Evans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK

    Timothy W. Evans

  2. Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife Hall, Room 606, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15264, USA

    Mitchell P. Fink

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Finney, S.J., Wort, S.J., Evans, T.W. (2002). Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunction. In: Evans, T.W., Fink, M.P. (eds) Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction in Critical Illness. Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, vol 38. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56107-8_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56107-8_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-42692-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56107-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation