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Scrotum

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Functional Imaging in Oncology

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Abstract

Imaging plays an important role in the scrotum and is routinely used to diagnose, stage and monitor testicular neoplasms. Multiple imaging modalities are currently used, including conventional radiography, ultrasound, CT and MRI. Recently, advances in imaging technology have made possible a noninvasive assessment of functional tumour features and specific molecular pathways in vivo. Molecular and functional imaging as DWI, MR spectroscopy, dynamic contrast-enhanced techniques and PET or PET-CT evaluates changes in tumour physiology and function rather than anatomy, which are likely to be earlier and more sensitive manifestations of disease. Testicular cancer has an excellent prognosis, and the cure rate combining surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy is approximately 95 %. Early detection, a correct staging and treatment in multidisciplinary teams are all important factors in the management of patients with testicular cancer; fertility and quality of life are also important issues to address in this setting.

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Abbreviations

AFP:

Alpha fetoprotein

CEUS:

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography

DCE-MRI:

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

18FDG-PET:

18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography

GCTs:

Germ cell tumors

1H-MRS:

1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy

hCG:

Human chorionic gonadotropin

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

LNs:

Lymph nodes

LT:

Leydig tumor

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NSGCTs:

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

PLAP:

Placental alkaline phosphatase

RTE:

Real-time sonoelastography

SCT:

Sertoli cell tumor

TL:

Testicular lymphomas

TM:

Testicular microlithiasis

UCAs:

Ultrasound contrast agents

US:

Ultrasonography

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), C/Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Sandra Baleato-González MD PhD

  2. Department of Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Luis León-Mateos MD

  3. Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade – SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    María Isolina Pérez-Santiago

  4. Clínica Girona - Hospital Sta. Caterina, University of Girona, Girona, Spain

    Joan C. Vilanova (Chief of MRI, Ass. Professor.)

Authors
  1. Sandra Baleato-González MD PhD
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  2. Luis León-Mateos MD
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  3. María Isolina Pérez-Santiago
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  4. Joan C. Vilanova
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sandra Baleato-González MD PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Health Time Group, Jaén, Spain

    Antonio Luna

  2. Clinica Girona Hospital Sta. Caterina, Gerona, Spain

    Joan C. Vilanova

  3. CDPI and IRM, Botafongo - Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil

    L. Celso Hygino Da Cruz Jr.

  4. Centro de Diagnóstico Dr. Enrique Rossi, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Santiago E. Rossi

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Baleato-González, S., León-Mateos, L., Pérez-Santiago, M.I., Vilanova, J.C. (2014). Scrotum. In: Luna, A., Vilanova, J., Hygino Da Cruz Jr., L., Rossi, S. (eds) Functional Imaging in Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40582-2_26

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40582-2_26

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