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History of Cliometrics

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Abstract

Economic historians have contributed to the development of economics by combining theory with quantitative methods, constructing and revising databases, discovering and creating new ones entirely, and adding the variable of time to traditional economic theories. This has made it possible to question and reassess earlier findings, thus increasing our knowledge, refining earlier conclusions, and correcting mistakes. It has contributed greatly to our understanding of economic growth and development. The use of history as a crucible to examine economic theory has deepened our knowledge of how, why, and when economic change occurs. The focus of this essay is to detail the history of the discipline of cliometrics, the quantitative study of economic history, and outline its evolution within the discipline of economic history.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Drukker (2006), for example.

  2. 2.

    A selection of the papers presented in these early meetings was published by Purdue University in 1967.

  3. 3.

    The Cliometric Society was formally organized in 1983 by Sam Williamson and Deirdre (nee Donald) McCloskey.

  4. 4.

    The first use of the term in print: “the logical structure necessary to make historical reconstructions from the surviving debris of past economic life essentially involves ideas of history, economics and statistics … has been labeled “Cliometrics” (Davis et al. 1960, p. 540).

  5. 5.

    See Goldin (1995), Mitch (2011), and Tawney (1933) for discussions of the role of economic historians.

  6. 6.

    Temin (2014)

  7. 7.

    See, for example, Engerman (1996), Floud (1991), Lyons et al. (2008), Williamson (1991, 1994), and Williamson and Whaples (2003).

  8. 8.

    Williamson and Whaples (2003), p. 446

  9. 9.

    See Carlos (2010), Coats (1980), Crafts (1987), Fenoaltea (1973), Greif (1997), Lamoreaux (1998), Libecap (1997), Meyer (1997), and North (1997) for an overview of the evolution of cliometrics.

  10. 10.

    For earlier laments about the encroachment of theory and mathematics on the study of history, see Braudel (1949) and Polanyi (1944).

  11. 11.

    Perhaps more than anyone, D.N. McCloskey has been responsible for holding all economists, not just economic historians, accountable for moving the frontiers of knowledge forward and not simply using the latest techniques to measure something because it can be measured. For example, see McCloskey (1978, 1985, 1987, 2006).

  12. 12.

    See also Ashley (1927), Ashton (1946), Gallman (1965), McCloskey (1986), and Nef (1941) for viewpoints of the melding of the skills of historians and economists.

  13. 13.

    Ashley (1893, 1927), Cameron (1976), Clapham (1931), Harte (1971), Kadish (1989), Maloney (1976), and Mitch (2010, 2011), all wrote about the evolution of the economic history discipline.

  14. 14.

    See Reinert and Carpenter (2014) for an overview of German language economics texts written before 1850.

  15. 15.

    Weintraub (2002), p. 21

  16. 16.

    See Tribe (2000).

  17. 17.

    For a history of the mathematical movement in economics, see Weintraub (2002).

  18. 18.

    See Barker (1977), Berg (1992), and Harte (2001) for a history of the Economic History Society.

  19. 19.

    Mason (1982)

  20. 20.

    Friedman (2014), p. 174

  21. 21.

    Hugh Aitken (1965) edited a volume of some of the best work appearing in Explorations in Entrepreneurial History.

  22. 22.

    See Cole (1953, 1970) for a history of the CREH.

  23. 23.

    There are several histories of the EHA, among them Aitken (1963, 1975), Clough (1970), Cole (1968, 1974), de Rouvray (2004a), Haupert (2005), and Heaton (1941, 1965a, b).

  24. 24.

    EHA archives

  25. 25.

    Cliometrics did not dominate the European scene as early or as completely as it did in North America. See Tilly (2001) for an overview of German clio, Grantham (1997) and Crouzet and Lescent-Gille (1998) for France, and Floud (2001) for the UK.

  26. 26.

    For a different view of counterfactuals, see Engerman (1980).

  27. 27.

    See Fogel and Engerman (1974) and Fogel (2000), for example.

  28. 28.

    For example, they cited four additional data-processing studies in economic history carried out at Purdue in the late 1950s that had developed entirely new statistical series and could not have been conducted without the latest technology or mathematical models: Lance Davis’s textile studies (1957, 1958, 1960) and the Davis and Hughes exchange rate study (1960).

  29. 29.

    The listing of all such databases publicly available is massive; for an example of the size and scope of such endeavors, see the list of databases on eh.net.

  30. 30.

    See Basu et al (1987), Galiani and Sened (2014), and Menard and Shirley (2014) for discussions of North’s role in the new institutional economics movement.

  31. 31.

    Engerman et al. (1994)

  32. 32.

    For musings on the future of economic history see Jones et al. (2012), Baten (2004), Baten and Muschallik (2011), Dumke (1992), Field (1987), and Nicholas 1997.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA

    Michael J. Haupert

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  1. Michael J. Haupert
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Correspondence to Michael J. Haupert .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. BETA/CNRS (UMR 7522), University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg Cedex, France

    Claude Diebolt

  2. University of Wisconsin Department of Economics, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA

    Michael Haupert

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Haupert, M.J. (2014). History of Cliometrics. In: Diebolt, C., Haupert, M. (eds) Handbook of Cliometrics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40458-0_2-1

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