Abstract
Since the incidence of cutaneous melanoma is continuing to increase among all fair-skinned populations, the coexistence of melanoma and pregnancy or desire to conceive is increasing as well. Cutaneous melanoma may be the most frequently encountered malignancy during pregnancy. The influence of pregnancy on the development and prognosis of melanoma has been a matter of intense research for years. For many years, there has been controversy in the medical community regarding the correlation of female reproductive factors and hormones with the development and outcome of malignant melanoma.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2005) Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55(2): 74–108
Diepgen TL, Mahler V (2002) The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol146(Suppl. 61): 1–6
Marks R (2000) Epidemiology of melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 25: 459–463
Lens MB, Dawes M (2004) Global perspectives of contemporary epidemiological trends of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 150(2): 179–185
MacKie RM (1998) Incidence, risk factors and prevention of melanoma. Eur J Cancer 34 (suppl. 2): S3–S6
Anonymous (2003) Stat bite: incidence of and mortality from melanoma of the skin, 1975–2000. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(13): 933
Cancer Research UK (2006) Malignant melanoma factsheet May 2006. Available at: www. info.cancerresearchuk.org. Accessed November 9, 2006
Smith RS, Randall P (1969) Melanoma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 34: 825–829
Dillman RO, Vandermolen LA, Barth NM, Bransford KJ (1996) Malignant melanoma and pregnancy. West J Med 164: 156–161
Garbe C (1993) [Pregnancy, hormone preparations and malignant melanoma]. Hautarzt 44: 347–352
Matthiasen L, Berg G (1989) Malignant melanoma, the most common cancer type, first appearing during pregnancy. Läkartidningen 86: 2845–2848
Lens MB, Rosdahl I, Ahlbom A, Farahmand BY, Synnerstad I, Boeryd B, Newton Bishop JA (2004) Effect of pregnancy on survival in women with cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 22(21): 4369–4375
Brochez L, Naeyaert JM (2000) Understanding the trends in melanoma incidence and mortality: where do we stand? Eur J Dermatol10(1): 71–75
Severi G, Gilles GG, Robertson C et al. (2000) Mortality from cutaneous melanoma: evidence for contrasting trends between populations. Br J Cancer 82(11): 1887–1891
Downing A, Newton-Bishop JA, Forman D (2006) Recent trends in cutaneous malignant melanoma in the Yorkshire region of England; incidence, mortality and survival in relation to stage of disease, 1993–2003. Br J Cancer 95(1): 91–95
de Vries E, Bray FI, Coebergh JW, Parkin DM (2003) Changing epidemiology of malignant cutaneous melanoma in Europe 1953–1997: rising trends in incidence and mortality but recent stabilizations in western Europe and decreases in Scandinavia. Int J Cancer 107(1): 119–126
Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW et al. (1996) The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States: Issues as we approach the 21st century. J Am Acad Dermatol 34: 839–847
Burton RC, Armstrong BK (1995) Current melanoma epidemic: a nonmetastasizing form of melanoma? World J Surg 19(3): 330–333
Cummins DL, Cummins JM, Pantle H, Silverman MA, Leonard AL, Chanmugam A (2006) Cutaneous malignant melanoma. Mayo Clin Proc 81(4): 500–507
Pack GT, Scharnagel IM (1951) Prognosis of malignant melanoma in pregnant women. Cancer 4: 324–334
Sutherland CM, Loutfi A, Mather FJ, Carter RD, Krementz ET (1983) Effect of pregnancy upon malignant melanoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 157: 443–446
Trapeznikov NN, Khasanov SR, Iavorskii VV (1987) Melanoma of the skin and pregnancy. Voproxy Onkologii 33: 40–46
Holly EA (1986) Melanoma and pregnancy. Recent Results Cancer Res 102: 118–126
Reintgen DS, McCarty KS Jr, Vollmer R, Cox E, Seigler HF (1985) Malignant melanoma and pregnancy. Cancer 55: 1340–1344
McManamny DS, Moss ALH, Pocock PV, Briggs JC (1989) Melanoma and pregnancy: a long-term follow-up. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96: 1419–1423
Wong JH, Sterns EE, Kopald KH, Nizze JA, Morton DL (1989) Prognostic significance of pregnancy in stage I melanoma. Arch Surg 124: 1227–1231
Slingluff CL Jr, Reintgen DS, Volmer RT, Seigler HF (1990) Malignant melanoma arising during pregnancy—a study of 100 patients. Ann Surg 211: 552–559
MacKie RM, Bufalino R, Morabito A, Sutherland C, Cascinelli N (1991) Lack of effect of pregnancy on outcome of melanoma—The World Health Organisation Melanoma Programme. Lancet 337: 653–655
O’Meara AT, Cress R, Xing G, Danielsen B, Smith LH (2005) Malignant melanoma in pregnancy. A population-based evaluation. Cancer 103(6): 1217–1226
Daryanani D, Plukker JT, De Hullu JA, Kuiper H, Nap RE, Hoekstra HJ (2003) Pregnancy and early-stage melanoma. Cancer 97(9): 2248–2253
Berwick M, Armstrong BK, Ben-Porat L, Fine J, Kricker A, Eberle C, Barnhill R (2005) Sun exposure and mortality from melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(3): 195–199
Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, Jensen OM (1988) The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. III. Hormonal and reproductive factors in women. Int J Cancer 42(6): 821–824
Smith MA, Fine JA, Barnhill RL, Berwick M (1998) Hormonal and reproductive influences and risk of melanoma in women. Int J Epidemiol 27(5): 751–757
Feskanich D, Hunter DJ, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE et al. (1999) Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in premenopausal women. Br J Cancer 81(5): 918–923
Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Dykes J, Miglionico J, Greene MA, Carey M et al. (2002) A pooled analysis of 10 case-control studies of melanoma and oral contraceptive use. Br J Cancer 86(7): 1085–1092
Pfahlberg A, Hassan K, Wille L, Lausen B, Gefeller O (1997) Systematic review of case-control studies: oral contraceptives show no effect on melanoma risk. Publ Health Rev 25: 309–315
Durvasula R, Ahmed SM, Vashisht A, Studd JW (2002) Hormone replacement therapy and malignant melanoma: to prescribe or not to prescribe? Climacteric 5(2): 197–200
Thörn M, Adam HO, Ringborg U, Bergrström R, Krusemo UB (1987) Long-term survival in malignant melanoma with special reference to age and sex as prognostic factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 79: 969–974
Fotsis T, Zhang Y, Pepper MS, Adlercreutz H, Montesano R, Nawroth PP, Schweigerer L (1994) The endogenous oestrogen metabolite 2-methoxyoestradiol inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses tumour growth. Nature 368(6468): 237–239
Hersey P, Morgan G, Stone DE, McCarthy WH, Milton GW (1977) Previous pregnancy as a protective factor against death from melanoma. Lancet 1(8009): 451–452
Elwood JM, Coldman AJ (1978) Previous pregnancy and melanoma prognosis. Lancet 2(8097): 1000–1001
Karagas MR, Zens MS, Stukel TA, Swerdlow AJ, Rosso S, Osterlind A et al. (2006) Pregnancy history and incidence of melanoma in women: a pooled analysis. Cancer Causes Control 17(1): 11–19
Alexander A, Samlowski WE, Grossman D, Bruggers CS, Harris RM, Zone JJ et al. (2003) Metastatic melanoma in pregnancy: risk of transplacental metastases in the infant. J Clin Oncol 21(11): 2179–2186
Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW (1985) Early detection of malignant melanoma: the role of physician examination and self-examination of the skin. CA Cancer J Clin 35: 130–151
Abbasi NR, Shaw HM, Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, McCarthy WH, Osman I et al. (2004) Early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma: revisiting the ABCD criteria. JAMA 292(22): 2771–2776
Mondi MM, Cuenca RE, Ollila DW, Iv JH, Levine EA (2007) Sentinel lymph node biopsy during pregnancy: initial clinical experience. Ann Surg Oncol 14: 218–221
Pavlidis NA (2002) Coexistence of pregnancy and malignancy. Oncologist 7(4): 279–287
Buzaid AC, Ross MI, Balch CM, Soong S, McCarthy WH, Benjamin RS et al. (1997) Critical analysis of the current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma and proposal of a new staging system. J Clin Oncol 15: 1039–1051
Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ, Atkins MB, Cascinelli N, Coit DG et al. (2001) Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19(16): 3635–3648
American Joint Committee on Cancer (2002) Melanoma of the skin. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, Fritz A, Balch CM, Haller DG, et al., eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer Verlag
Balch CM, Soong SJ, Gershenwald JE, Thompson JF, Reintgen DS, Cascinelli N et al. (2001) Prognostic factors analysis of 17600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol 19(16): 3622–3634
MacKie RM (2000) Malignant melanoma: clinical variants and prognostic indicators. Clin Dermatol 25: 471–475
Holly EA, Kelly JW, Shpall SN, Chiu SH (1987) Number of melanocytic nevi as a risk factor for malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 17: 459–468
Cohen LM (1995) Lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 33: 923
Crowson AN, Magro CM, Sanchez-Carpintero I, Mihm MC Jr. (2002) The precursors of malignant melanoma. Recent Results Cancer Res 160: 75–84
Halder RM, Ara CJ (2003) Skin cancer and photoaging in ethnic skin. Dermatol Clin 21(4): 725–732
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lens, M. (2008). Melanoma During Pregnancy: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Staging, Clinical Picture. In: Cancer and Pregnancy. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 178. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71274-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71274-9_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-71272-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-71274-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)