Abstract
This chapter uses a feminist lens to articulate the central problems facing policing today: (a) a decayed sense of trust in law enforcement, (b) the cultural influence of toxic or hegemonic masculinity, and (c) policing practices that perpetuate racial, gender, and social oppression. A normative model of feminist policing based in care ethics, called the community protector model, is proposed as the solution to these problems. Feminist care ethical policing values actions of caring justice—not just law and order—and identifies care and concern for others as the most rational basis for law enforcement. Finally, this model is applied to the issues in policing today, and the chapter shows how it can be used to create new protocols, change cultural gender norms, improve communication, replace authoritarian structures with community-based, interactive and educational ones, decrease discriminatory policing practices, and build soft power in law enforcement as a resource for engaging with citizens.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsBibliography
Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, The New Press, New York, NY, 2010.
Baier, Annette. “Trust and Antitrust,” Ethics, Vol. 96, No. 2 (Jan, 1986), pp. 231–260.
Balko, Radley. Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America’s Police Forces, PublicAffairs, New York, NY, 2013.
Cherry, Myisha. “The Police and Their Masculinity Problem,” The Huffington Post, November, 26, 2014.
Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment, Routledge, London and New York, 2000.
Collins, Patricia Hill, and Bilge, Sirma. Intersectionality, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2016.
Cooper, Frank Rudy. “Against Bipolar Black Masculinity: Intersectionality, Assimilation, Identity Performance, and Hierarchy,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 39 (2006), p. 853.
———. “‘Who’s the Man?’: Masculinities Studies, Terry Stops, and Police Training,” Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, Vol. 18, No. 3 (2009), pp. 671–742.
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 6 (1991), pp. 1241–1299.
———. “Whose Story is it Anyway? Feminist and Anti-racist Appropriations of Anita Hill”, in Toni Morrison (ed.), Race-ing Justice, Engendering Power, Pantheon, New York, pp. 402–441, 1992.
———. On Intersectionality: The Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw, The New Press, New York, NY, 2015.
Davis, Angela. Are Prisons Obsolete? Seven Stories Press, New York, 2003.
Duck, Waverly. “The Complex Dynamics of Trust and Legitimacy: Understanding Interactions between the Police and Poor Black Neighborhood Residents,” Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, Vol. 673, No. 1 (Sept 2017), pp. 132–149.
Engster, Daniel. The Heart of Justice: Care Ethics and Political Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007.
Enloe, Cynthia. “Masculinities, Policing, Women and International Politics of Sexual Harassment,” International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2013), pp. 77–81.
Fagan, Jeffrey and Davies, Garth. “Street Stops and Broken Windows: Terry, Race, and Disorder in New York City, Fordham Urban Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2 (2000), pp. 457–504.
Fan, Mary D. “Panopticism for Police: Structural Reform Bargaining and Police Regulation by Data-Driven Surveillance,” Washington Law Review, Vol. 87 (2012), pp. 93ff.
Gale, Mary Ellen. “Calling in the Girl Scouts: Feminist Legal Theory and Police Misconduct,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 24 (January 2001), pp. 691ff.
Gilligan, Carol. In A Different Voice, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982.
Harmon, Rachel A. “When Is Police Violence Justified?” Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 102, No. 3 (2008), p. 1119.
———. “The Problem of Policing,” Michigan Law Review, Vol. 110 (March 2012), pp. 761ff.
______. “Why Arrest?” Michigan Law Review, Vol. 115 (December 2016), pp. 307ff.
Heiner, Brady T., and Tyson, Sarah K. “Feminism and the Carceral State: Gender- Responsive Justice, Community Accountability, and the Epistemology of Antiviolence” Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2017), Article 3, pp. 1–37.
Held, Virginia. “Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 50, Supplement (Autumn, 1990), pp. 321–344.
———. Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993.
_____. The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
hooks, bell. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics, South End Press, Boston, p. 59, 1999.
Jaggar, Alison. “Feminist Ethics: Projects, Problems, Prospects”. In C. Card (ed.), Feminist Ethics, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 1991.
———. “Feminist Ethics”. In L. Becker and C. Becker (eds.), Encyclopedia of Ethics, Garland Press, New York, pp. 363–364, 1992.
Kimmel, Michael. Manhood in America: A Cultural History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
Kittay, Eva Feder. Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependence, Routledge, New York, NY, 1999.
Kingshott, Brian F. “Women in Policing: Changing the Organizational Culture by Adopting a Feminist Perspective on Leadership,” Criminal Justice Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (March 2009), pp. 49–72.
_____. “Revisiting Gender Issues: Continuing Police Reform,” Criminal Justice Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2013), pp. 366–392.
Kleinig, John. The Ethics of Policing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
———. “Legitimate and Illegitimate Uses of Police Force,” Criminal Justice Ethics, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2014), pp. 83–103.
Lebron, Christopher. The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of an Idea, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017.
Lerman, Amy E., and Weaver, Vesla M. Arresting Citizenship: The Democratic Consequences of American Crime Control. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2014.
Madfis, Eric, and Cohen, Jeffrey. “Critical Criminologies of the Present and Future: Left Realism, Left Idealism, and What’s Left In Between,” Social Justice, Vol. 43, No. 4 (2016), pp. 1–21.
Miller, Eric J. “Role-Based Policing: Restraining Police Conduct Outside the Legitimate Investigative Sphere” California Law Review, Vol. 94, No. 3 (May 2006), pp. 617ff.
———. “Challenging Police Discretion,” Howard Law Journal, Vol. 58 (2015), p. 521.
Noddings, Nel. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1984.
President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Washington, DC, 2015.
Rich, Camille Gear. “Angela Harris and the Racial Politics of Masculinity: Trayvon Martin, George Zimmerman, and the Dilemmas of Desiring Whiteness,” California Law Review, Vol. 102, No. 4, (2014), pp. 1027ff.
Roberts, Dorothy E. “Race, Vagueness, and the Social Meaning of Order-Maintenance Policing,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 89, No. 3 (Spring 1999), pp. 775–836.
Robinson, Fiona. Globalizing Care: Ethics, Feminist Theory, and International Relations, Westview Press, Boulder, 1999.
Sampson, Robert J., and Raudenbush, Stephen W. “Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of ‘Broken Windows’,” Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 67, No. 4 (2004), pp. 319–342.
Simon, Jonathan. “Racing Abnormality, Normalizing Race: The Origins of America’s Peculiar Carceral State and Its Prospects for Democratic Transformation Today.” Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 111, No. 6 (2017), pp. 1626–1654.
Slote, Michael. The Ethics of Care and Empathy, Routledge, London and New York, 2007.
Snow, David A., Soule, Sara A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, Malden, MA, 2004.
Stamper, Norm. To Protect and Serve: How to Fix America’s Police, Nation Books, New York, NY, 2016.
Stuntz, William J. The Collapse of American Criminal Justice. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2011.
Tronto, Joan. Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. Routledge, New York and London, 1993.
Wilson, James Q., and Kelling, George. “Broken Windows,” The Atlantic, March 1982.
Young, Iris Marion. Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oxley, J. (2018). The Ethics of Policing: A Feminist Proposal. In: Gardner, M., Weber, M. (eds) The Ethics of Policing and Imprisonment. Palgrave Studies in Ethics and Public Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97770-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97770-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97769-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97770-6
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)