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Unraveling the Exposome pp 127–146Cite as

Epigenetics and the Exposome

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Abstract

Epigenetic regulation is hereditable but can be influenced by environmental stimuli, in utero circumstances, and aging. Different layers of epigenetic remodeling including DNA methylation, modifications of histone tails, and noncoding RNAs control the spatial and temporal transcriptomic activity. In addition, the epigenome is involved in sustaining chromosome stability. Genomic DNA isolated from blood cells or other pertinent tissues is being expansively exploited for the discovery of biomarkers of effect and exposure. Technology to measure epigenetic marks on a genomic scale complemented with novel tools for data-analysis have recently been developed and continue to be enhanced. Here, we describe common techniques that are applied for untargeted approaches; and to measure regional modifications and gene-specific aberrations. Alterations in epigenetic marks have been associated with various exposures such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and metal exposures in population-based studies. On the other hand, deviant DNA methylation is a major epigenetic mechanism of epigenetic silencing in a wide range of human diseases including cancers. Epigenetic modifications might play a prominent role in explaining biological mediation of exposures and their effect on health. This is of particular significance in early life exposures where epigenetic alterations can explain how diseases linked to in utero or childhood conditions occur later in life. We discuss relevant examples of how epigenetic remodeling by environmental stimuli affects several health outcomes in adults and in early life.

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  1. Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium

    Michelle Plusquin, Nelly D. Saenen & Tim S. Nawrot

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  2. Nelly D. Saenen
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  1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Sonia Dagnino

  2. The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Agilent Technologies, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Anthony Macherone

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Plusquin, M., Saenen, N.D., Nawrot, T.S. (2019). Epigenetics and the Exposome. In: Dagnino, S., Macherone, A. (eds) Unraveling the Exposome. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89321-1_5

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