Abstract
The chapter – through an examination of detention and deportation in Ireland and Spain during the years 2014 and 2015 – considers the persistent marginalisation of individuals of African descent migrating to seek asylum. Arguing that the two nations’ historically peripheralised positions and negative racialisation in the context of Europe underline their tensions within the Eurozone and approach to migration, the chapter addresses the questions of racism and national identity that forestall the inclusion of people racialised as Black. Ultimately, the chapter asserts that Ireland and Spain – both chafing at human rights protocols – utilise deportation and detention of migrants of African descent to secure racialised Whiteness, maintain economic viability in the European Union, and shed a peripheral European status.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abad, Rocío. 2015. Investigation into Death of 15 Migrants on Ceuta Beach Dropped El País (EN). October 16. http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/10/16/inenglish/1444983469_974647.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2017.
Arango, Joaquín. 2013. Exceptional in Europe? Spain’s Experience with Immigration and Integration. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Badcock, James. 2015. Illegal Immigration in Spain Up 70 Per cent in 2014. Telegraph, April 15. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/11539439/Illegal-immigration-in-Spain-up-70-per-cent-in-2014.html. Accessed 21 May 2015.
Bandow, Doug. 2017. Greece Heads into Another Economic Crisis: Time to Finally Exit the European Union? Forbes, January 5. https://www.forbes.com/sites/dougbandow/2017/01/05/greece-heads-into-another-economic-crisis-time-to-finally-exit-the-european-union/#6d5190aa607b. Accessed 5 Feb 2017.
Beddoe, John. 1885. The Races of Britain: A Contribution to the Anthropology of Western Europe. Bristol: J. W. Arrowsmith.
Blue, Julia R. 2000. The Celtic Tiger Roars Defiantly: Corporation Tax in Ireland and Competition Within the European Union. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 10: 443–467.
Broad, Mark. 2013. Ireland: Before and After Bailout. BBC News, 14 December. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-25339066. Accessed 15 June 2015.
CIE No. 2015. Website. Campaña por el Cierre de los Centros de Internamiento de Extranjeros. https://ciesno.wordpress.com/
CMSI. 2015. EU Solidarity for Rescue at Sea and Protection of Refugees and Migrants. Report. Central Mediterranean Sea Initiative: UNHRC, Bureau for Europe. March 2015.
Coulter, Colin, and Steve Coleman. 2003. The End of Irish History?: Critical Approaches to the Celtic Tiger. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Davies, Lizzie. 2013. Why Lampedusa Remains an Island of Hope for Migrants Guardian, October 16. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/16/lampedusa-island-of-hope. Accessed 30 June 2015.
Department of Justice and Equality. 2015. Government Publishes Working Group Report on Working Group Report on Direct Provision and the Protection Process. DJE Press Release, June 30. http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/PR15000389. Accessed 2 July 2015.
Doras Luimní. 2013. Challenges to Building an Intercultural Ireland: A Limerick Perspective. Report Submission to the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Justice, Equality and Defence on Integration, Multiculturalism and Combating Racism. Limerick: Submission by Mount St. Vincent. http://dorasluimni.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/publications/integrationbriefing.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2016.
Douglass, Carrie B. 1999. Bulls, Bullfighting, and Spanish Identities (The Anthropology of Form and Meaning). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
ECRE. 2013. “Dublin II Regulation: Lives on Hold” – European Comparative Report, February 2013. Brussels: European Council on Refugees and Exiles. http://www.refworld.org/docid/513ef9632.html. Accessed 1 July 2015.
———. 2015. European Council: 40,000 Asylum Seekers to be Relocated Voluntarily and 20,000 Refugees to be Resettled. European Developments, June 26. http://us1.campaign-archive2.com/?u=8e3ebd297b1510becc6d6d690&id=e19ce63f4d#EUCouncil. Accessed 1 July 2015.
ECRE News. 2014. Spain’s Attempt to Give Legal Cover to Push Back Policy in Ceuta and Melilla Under Fire. ECRE News, October 24. http://www.ecre.org/spains-attempt-to-give-legal-cover-to-push-back-policy-in-ceuta-and-melilla-under-fire/. Accessed 18 June 2015.
El País. 2013. La imagen que los alemanes tienen de España se derrumba, 24 April. http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2013/04/24/actualidad/1366811989_482450.html. Accessed 20 June 2015.
———. 2017. Interior creará tres nuevos centros para extranjeros en Madrid, Málaga y Algeciras. El País, 4 April.https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/04/04/actualidad/1491317789_022200.html. Accessed 6 Sept 2017.
EMN. 2015. EMN Annual Report on Immigration and Asylum. European Migration Network. Brussels: Migration and Home Affairs: European Commission.
ENAR. 2013. Shadow Report 2012/13 on Racism in Europe: Key Findings on Racism and Discrimination in Employment.http://www.enar-eu.org/IMG/pdf/key_findings_shadow_report_2012-13_layout.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2015.
———. 2015. Shadow Report 2013/2014: Racist Crime in Europe. Brussels: European Network Against Racism.
———. 2016. Afrophobia in Europe: ENAR Shadow Report 2014–15. Brussels: European Network Against Racism.
Espinosa, Pedro. 2013. José Luis Jaudenes, Fiscal de Extranjera: ‘Lo mejor es cerrar el CIE de Algeciras’, May 4. http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/05/04/andalucia/1367670277_286967.html. Accessed 12 June 2015.
EUR-Lex. 2013. Dublin III. EU Law and Publications. 26 June. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013R0604. Accessed 5 Feb 2017.
European Commission. 2015. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A European Agenda on Migration. Report. Brussels: European Commission, May 13.
European Council. 2015a. Special Meeting of the European Council. Statement, April 23. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/04/23-special-euco-statement/. Accessed 15 June 2015.
———. 2015b. Remarks by President Donald Tusk Following the First Session of the European Council Meeting. European Council. Press Release, 26 June. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/06/25-tusk-remarks-first-press-conference/. Accessed 1 July 2015.
Eurostat. 2017. Asylum Statistics, March 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
FLAC. 2010a. Direct Provision Violates Human Rights of Asylum Seekers. FLAC News. 20. Dublin: Free Legal Advice Clinic.
———. 2010b. One Size Doesn’t Fit All – A Legal Analysis of Direct Provision, 10 Years on. Published Nov 2009. Launched Feb 2010. Dublin: Free Legal Advice Clinic.
Fuchs, Barbara. 2011. Exotic Nation: Maurophilia and the Construction of Early Modern Spain. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Global Detention Project. 2013–2016. Grounds for Administrative Detention. Spain – Domestic Law. https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/spain. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Gotev, Georgi. 2015. EU Migration Meeting Turns into Fracas. EurActiv, June 26. https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/eu-migration-meeting-turns-into-fracas/. Accessed 1 July 2015.
Govan, Fiona. 2014. Spain Admits Firing Rubber Bullets at Migrants Swimming to Enclave. Telegraph, February 14. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10638607/Spain-admits-firing-rubber-bullets-at-migrants-swimming-to-enclave.html. Accessed 21 May 2015.
Hambackachere, Reuben and Crowley, Niall. 2015. I Resigned from Government Direct Provision Working Group. Village Magazine, May. http://www.villagemagazine.ie/index.php/2015/05/inhumane/
Howe, Stephen. 2000. Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ignatiev, Noel. 2008. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge.
IOM. 2015. Migrant Deaths Soar in Mediterranean. International Organization for Migration News, April 17. https://www.iom.int/news/migrant-deaths-soar-mediterranean. Accessed 30 June 2015.
Irish Refugee Act. 1996. 2004. Oireachtas. Section 9(8). http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1996/act/17/section/9/enacted/en/html
Irish Refugee Council. 2014a. #EndDP Demo, 20 Nov 2014, Theresa Obi (KRAC Asylum) Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h7KVWMSRLY&index=2&list=PLOvmx2GXy_bAPJudCDIIjME1mVPdgeQ13. Accessed 25 Jan 2017.
———. 2014b. #EndDP Demo, 20 Nov 2014, Jonathon Muhwezi. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2RPlFYMHw4&index=6&list=PLOvmx2GXy_bAPJudCDIIjME1mVPdgeQ13. Accessed 25 Jan 2017.
Irish Research Council. 2016. Transition from Direct Provision to Life in the Community. Dublin: IRC with Irish Refugee Council.
Lentin, Ronit. 2007. Ireland: Racial State and Crisis Racism. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (4): 61–27.
Ley Orgánica. 2010. 22 June (Modified from 10/1995). Spanish Penal Code. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11792
Lloyd, David. 2011. Irish Culture and Colonial Modernity 1800–2000: The Transformation of Oral Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lopez, Maria P. 2007. Immigration Law Spanish-Style: A Study of the Regularización of Undocumented Workers in Spain. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, 22.
Lucas, Beatriz. 2015. Centros de Internamiento para Extranjeros en España: insalubridad, enfermedad y maltrato. Vice News, April 16.https://news.vice.com/es/article/centros-internamiento-extranjeros-espana-insalubridad-enfermedad-maltrato. Accessed 15 June 2015.
MacGuill, Dan. 2014. Asylum Working Group Criticised for Including Only One (Former) Asylum-Seeker, October 15. http://www.thejournal.ie/direct-provision-asylum-working-group-1725812-Oct2014/. Accessed 21 June 2015.
Marks, Michael P. 1997. The Formation of European Policy in Post-Franco Spain: The Role of Ideas, Interests, and Knowledge. Aldershot: Avebury.
McCormack, Claire. 2015. Irish Navy Plucks 400 Migrants from Med. Irish Independent, June 7. http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/irish-navy-plucks-400-migrants-from-med-31283307.html. Accessed 9 June 2015.
Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Elias Papaioannou. 2016. The Long-Run Effects of the Scramble for Africa. The American Economic Review 106 (7): 1802–1848.
Mills, George. 2013. Germans damn ‘Lazy’ and Corrupt Spaniards. The Local, 24 April. http://www.thelocal.es/20130424/germans-damn-lazy-and-corrupt-spaniards. Accessed 20 June 2015.
Minder, Raphael and James Kanter. 2012. Spanish Banks Agree to Layoffs and Other Cuts to Receive Rescue Funds in Return. NY Times, November 28. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/29/business/global/european-commission-approves-bailout-of-four-spanish-banks.html. Accessed 16 June 2015.
Morán, Carmen. 2012. Spanish Stereotypes: Statistics Tell Us They Have Mondays, Too. Guardian, 26 January. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/26/spanish-stereotypes-we-have-mondays-too. Accessed 20 June 2015.
NASC. 2017a. Unanimous Supreme Court Decision on Right to Work for Asylum Seekers a ‘Landmark Ruling’, May 30. Irish Immigrant Support System. Accessed 6 Sept 2017.
———. 2017b. Direct Provision Allowance Increase ‘A Good Start’, Says Nasc CEO Fiona Finn, June 14. Irish Immigrant Support System. Accessed 6 Sept 2017.
Ó Fátharta, Conall. 2013. Irish Examiner. 1,000 Irish People Emigrate a Week, August 30. http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/1000-irish-people-emigrate-a-week-241476.html. Accessed 17 June 2015.
O’Shea, Sinead. 2014. Asylum System Can Damage Mental Health. Irish Times, August 13. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/asylum-system-can-damage-mental-health-1.1895152. Accessed 21 June 2015.
Pearlstein, Steven. 2013. Can Ireland’s Celtic Tiger Roar Again? Washington Post, 16 August. http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/can-irelands-celtic-tiger-roar-again/2013/08/16/1462304c-0460-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html. Accessed 15 June 2015.
Peral, María. 2017. La Audiencia de Ceuta ordena reabrir la investigación de El Tarajal. El Español, January 12. http://www.elespanol.com/espana/20170112/185481960_0.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2017.
Pueblos Unidos. 2015. Situación Actual de los Centros de Internamiento de Extranjeros en España y su Adecuación al Marco Legal Vigente. Madrid: Organización No Gubernamental “Pueblos Unidos-Servicio Jesuita a Migrante Fundación San Juan de Castillo.
Ramajo, Javier. 2014. Interior esconde las vergüenzas del CIE de Algeciras. El Diario, November 18. http://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/CIE-Algeciras-Tarifa-visita_0_324417951.html. Accessed 4 Mar 2015.
Reilly, Gavan. 2013. Ireland Rejects More Asylum Seekers than Most EU Countries. The Journal, June 18. http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-asylum-seekers-eu-955725-Jun2013/. Accessed 12 June 2015.
Reuters. 2012. Spain Receives European Bank Bailout Funds. Reuters, December 11. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/11/spain-banks-idUSL5E8NBGEF20121211. Accessed 16 June 2015.
RIA. 2015. Length of Time of RIA Residents in Asylum Process (Based on Initial Asylum Application). Monthly Report. January. Dublin: Reception and Integration Agency.
———. 2016. Length of Time of RIA Residents in Asylum Process (Based on Initial Asylum Application). Monthly Report. December. Dublin: Reception and Integration Agency.
Ross, Christopher, Bill Richardson, and Begoña Sangrador-Vegas. 2016. Contemporary Spain. New York: Routledge.
RTÉ News. 2015. RTÉ Investigations Report on Ireland’s Direct Provision Centres. RTÉ, July 2. http://www.rte.ie/news/player/2015/0702/20807067-rte-investigations-report-on-irelands-direct-provision-centres/. Accessed 3 July 2015.
Smith, Helena. 2017. Grexit? Greece Again on the Brink as Debt Crisis Threatens Break with EU. The Guardian, February 3. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/03/grexit-greece-debt-crisis-eu-germany-us. Accessed 5 Feb 2017.
Telecinco. 2008. Centro de Internamiento de Inmigrantes de Algeciras. September 14. Telecinco noticias. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leMzgLgOR5g. Accessed 12 June 2015.
The Journal. 2015. Asylum and Refugees: How Ireland Compares to the Rest of the World. The Journal, September 5. http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-asylum-refugee-status-compared-to-rest-of-world-2310580-Sep2015/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Toasije, Antumi. 2009. The Africanity of Spain Identity and Problematization. Journal of Black Studies 39 (3): 348–355.
Trade Union TV. 2014. Protest at Inhumane Direct Provision in Limerick. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxfZlNQsovY. Accessed 25 Jan 2017.
Treanor, Jill. 2012. Q&A: Spain’s Banking Bailout. Guardian, June 11. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jun/11/question-answer-spain-banking-bailout. Accessed 16 June 2015.
Twomey, Aoibhinn. 2013. Refugees Targeted by Gang. Dublin People, February 18, 2. http://dublinpeople.com/article.php?id=2110. Accessed 5 June 2015.
UNHCR. 2001. Revisiting the Dublin Convention: Some Reflections by UNHCR in Response to the Commission Staff. Working Paper, January 19. http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b34c0.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2017.
———. 2015. Migrant Arrivals in Europe Top 100,000 in 2015 – UN Refugee Agency. UN News Centre, June 25. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51113#.WKoN6hIrKCU. Accessed 1 July 2016.
UNHCR News. 2015. New Mediterranean Boat Tragedy May be Biggest Ever, Urgent Action is Needed Now, April 19. http://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2015/4/5533c2406/unhcr-new-mediterranean-boat-tragedy-biggest-urgent-action-needed.html. Accessed 30 June 2015.
Valero, Daniel. 2012. Moulaye Ndiaye: ‘No le guardo rencor a la persona que me empujó’. Las Provencias.http://www.lasprovincias.es/v/20120927/comunitat/guardo-rencor-persona-empujo-20120927.html. Accessed 5 June 2015.
Van Nguyen, Dean. 2017. Why Doesn’t the Prospect of an Ethnic Taoiseach Excite me? Irish Times, June 3. https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/why-doesn-t-the-prospect-of-an-ethnic-taoiseach-excite-me-1.3096488. Accessed 6 Sept 2017.
Vitzthum, Carlta. 2005. These Open Arms Are Raising EU Eyebrows. Business Week International Edition, May 30. http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2005-05-29/these-open-arms-are-raising-eu-eyebrows
White, Elisa J. 2009. Paradoxes of Diaspora, Global Identity and Human Rights: The Deportation of Nigerians in Ireland. African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal 2 (1): 67–83.
———. 2012. Modernity, Freedom and the African Diaspora: Dublin, New Orleans, Paris. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
White, E.J. (2019). Peripheralised in the Periphery: Migration, Deportation, and Detainment in Ireland and Spain. In: Essed, P., Farquharson, K., Pillay, K., White, E.J. (eds) Relating Worlds of Racism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78990-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78990-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78989-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78990-3
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)