Skip to main content

Theorizing African Women and Girls in Combat

From National Liberation to the War on Terrorism

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies

Abstract

This chapter shows that the continuity in women and girls’ roles in war is the denial of their contribution to direct combat. It shows that women and girls’ varied roles have been central in the economic and sociopolitical systems that have sustained war efforts in Africa. Examining the evolution of the participation and theorization of women and girls in war allows us to understand the evolving ideologies, tactics, space(s), and the social life of war and its aftermath. The roles of African women and girls in war and conflict, especially after the Cold War, have provided abundant examples of the ways in which war efforts rely on ideas of femininity and masculinity that are simultaneously reproduced, reconfigured, and ruptured in the social and political economy of war. They have been central in challenging established ideas about the places where war happens and those participating in it. African experiences of war have made visible the blurring of homefront, battlefront, combatants, and noncombatants. It is shown that the now accepted discourse of women, peace, and security is evidence of the successful excavation and nuanced theorization of women and girls’ roles by activists and feminist scholars.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alison, M. (2003). Cogs in the wheel? Women in the liberation tigers of Tamil Eelam. Civil Wars, 6(4), 37–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amadiume, I. (1987). Male daughters, female husbands: Gender and sex in an African society. London: Zed Books Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, V. (2000). Equality to die for?: Women guerrilla fighters and Eritrea’s cultural revolution. Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 23(2), 61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bøås, M. (2007). Marginalized youth. In African guerrillas: Raging against the machine. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bøås, M., & Dunn, K. C. (Eds.). (2007). African guerrillas: Raging against the machine. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clapham, C. S. (Ed.). (1998). Introduction: Analyzing African insurgencies. African guerrillas. Oxford: James Currey Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cock, J. (1991). Colonels and cadres: War and gender in South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P. (2007). The bottom billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulter, C. (2009). Bush wives and girl soldiers: Women’s lives through war and peace in Sierra Leone. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denov, M. S. (2010). Child soldiers: Sierra Leone’s revolutionary united front. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duri, F. P. T. (2016). Presentism, contested narratives and dissonances in Zimbabwe’s liberation war heritage: The case of Joice Mujuru. In M. Mawere & T. R. Mubaya (Eds.), Colonial heritage, memory and sustainability in Africa: Challenges, opportunities and prospects. Mankon/Bamenda: Langaa Research and Publishing Initiative Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farr, V. (2003). The importance of a gender perspective to successful disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes. Disarmament Forum Women, Men, Peace and Security, 4, 25–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentry, C. E. (2009). Twisted maternalism: From peace to violence. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 11(2), 235–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassim, S. (2014). The ANC women’s league: Sex, gender and politics. Johannesburg: Jacana Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, C. (2011). Gender and security in Africa: An overview. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, D. (2003). Like beasts in the bush: Synonyms of childhood and youth in Sierra Leone. Postcolonial Studies, 6(3), 295–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honwana, A. (2006). Child soldiers in Africa. Baltimore: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Independent News Online. (2003). I will fight till the death, vows Taylor. https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/i-will-fight-till-the-death-vows-taylor-110104. Accessed 14 Apr 2020.

  • Kaldor, M. (2012). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era. Cambridge: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, T. (2004). Guns and guerilla girls: Women in the Zimbabwean national liberation struggle. Trenton: Africa World Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magadla, S. (2015). Women combatants and the liberation movements in South Africa: Guerrilla girls, combative mothers and the in-betweeners. African Security Review, 24(4), 390–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magadla, S. (2017). Demobilisation and the civilian reintegration of women ex-combatants in post-apartheid South Africa: The aftermath of transnational guerrilla girls, combative mothers and in- betweeners in the shadows of a late twentieth-century war. Unpublished Thesis, Rhodes University. http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:25133?site_name=GlobalView

  • Makau, K. L. (2009). Aspects of some experiences of women in the struggle for liberation in the MK: 1976–1988: A case study of 10 Women. University of Johannesburg: Masters Dissertation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mama, A., & Okazawa-Rey, M. (2012). Militarism, conflict and women’s activism in the global era: Challenges and prospects for women in three West African contexts. Feminist Review, 101(1), 97–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mashike, L., & Mokalobe, M. (2003). Reintegration into civilian life. The case of former MK and APLA combatants. Johannesburg: Centre for Conflict Resolution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matfess, H. (2017). Women and the war on Boko Haram: Wives, weapons, witnesses. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazurana, D., Raven-Roberts, A., & Parpart, J. (2005). Gender, conflict, and peacekeeping. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, A. (1993). Family feuds: Gender, nationalism and the family. Feminist Review, (44), 61–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mkandawire, T. (2002). The terrible toll of post-colonial ‘rebel movements’ in Africa: Towards an explanation of the violence against the peasantry. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(2), 181–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndung’u, I., Salifu, U., & Sigsworth, R. (2017). Violent extremism in Kenya-why women are a priority. Institute for Security Studies Monographs, 2017(197), 1–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngculu, J. (2009). The honour to serve: Recollections of an Umkhonto soldier. Cape Town: David Philip.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom, C. (1997). Girls and warzones: Troubling questions. Uppsala: Life & Peace Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom, C. (2004). Girls and warzones: Troubling questions. Uppsala: Life & Peace Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Gorman, E. (2011). The front line runs through every woman: Women & local resistance in the Zimbabwean liberation war. New York: Boydell & Brewer Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyěwùmí, O. (1997). The invention of women: Making an African sense of Western gender discourses. Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, K., & Richards, P. (1998). ‘Why we fight’: Voices of youth combatants in Sierra Leone. Africa, 68(2), 183–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. (2013). War in Worcester: Youth and the apartheid State. New York: Fordham University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shikola, T. (1998). We left our shoes behind. In M. Turshen & C. Twagiramariya (Eds.), What women do in wartime: Gender and conflict in Africa. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttner, R. (2003). The African National Congress (ANC) underground: From the M-Plan to Rivonia. South African Historical Journal, 49(1), 123–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttner, R. (2007). Women in the ANC-led underground. In N. Gasa (Ed.), Women in South African history: Basus’iimbokodo, bawel’imilambo/they remove boulders and cross rivers. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvester, C. (2012). War experiences/war practices/war theory. Millennium-Journal of International Studies, 40(3), 483–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tickner, J. A. (2008). Gender in world politics. In J. Baylis, S. Smith, & P. Owens (Eds.), The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tse-Tung, M., & Mao, Z. (1961). On guerrilla warfare. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turshen, M. (1998). Women’s war stories. In M. Turshen & C. Twagiramariya (Eds.), What women do in wartime: Gender and conflict in Africa. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Children’s Fund. (2007). The Paris principles on the involvement of children in armed conflict. https://www.unicef.org/mali/media/1561/file/ParisPrinciples.pdf. Accessed 14 Apr 2020.

  • Van der Merwe, H., & Lamb, G. (2009). Transitional justice and DDR: The case of South Africa. Retrieved from International Center for Transitional Justice website. https://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-DDR-South-Africa-CaseStudy-2009-English.pdf

  • Vastapuu, L. (2018). Liberia’s women veterans: War, roles and reintegration. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, A. (2011). Women without arms: Gendered fighter constructions in Eritrea and Southern Sudan. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 5(2), 357–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. D. (2016). War and conflict in Africa. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yenwong-Fai, U. (2019). Boko Haram and girls’ education in north-east Nigeria: Tackling harmful beliefs. In A. Hildson (Ed.), Gender and human security: African perspectives. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Siphokazi Magadla .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Magadla, S. (2020). Theorizing African Women and Girls in Combat. In: Yacob-Haliso, O., Falola, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77030-7_86-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77030-7_86-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77030-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77030-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference HistoryReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities

Publish with us

Policies and ethics