Skip to main content

Critical Development of Courage Within Social Justice School Leaders: Silence, Tempered Radicals, and Revolutionaries

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook on Promoting Social Justice in Education
  • 189 Accesses

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to examine three general approaches leaders might take when confronted with inequities, silence, tempered radicalism, and revolutionary, and explain why the development of courage is necessary among the latter two. After explaining how silence as an approach is antithetical to social justice goals, an explanation of how and why courage is fundamentally important to both approaches even though change is enacted differently is provided. Furthermore, it is contended that it is more likely that social justice school leaders will integrate elements of both tempered radicalism and revolutionary actions. Therefore, it is important for social justice leadership preparation faculty to integrate the development of courage into their programs. Courage is defined as the motivating force that helps one to overcome fear in the pursuit of a moral or socially just outcome. Strategies for the development of courage include experiential learning and reflection through activities such as reflective journals, role plays, and facilitated class discussions. Through continual skill development, reflection, and application, candidates may strengthen their commitment to social justice goals and gain the confidence to enact these practices as leaders. Additionally, program faculty ought to engage students in honest conversations about possible challenges and ways to strategically address them, as well as discuss strategies for self-care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen, M. (2013). Self-care for teachers. Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alston, J. A. (2005). Tempered radicals and servant leaders: Black females persevering in the superintendency. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(4), 675–688. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X04274275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annamma, S. A., Connor, D., & Ferri, B. (2012). Dis/ability critical race studies (DisCrit): Theorizing at the intersections of race and dis/ability. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16(1), 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. P., Özbilgin, M. F., Beauregard, T. A., & Sürgevil, O. (2011). Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organizations: Strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees. Human Resource Management, 50(1), 131–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkovich, I. (2014). A socio-ecological framework of social justice leadership in education. Journal of Educational Administration, 52(3), 282–309. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-12-2012-0131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, M., & Rodela, K. C. (2018). A framework for rethinking educational leadership on the margins: Implications for social justice leadership preparation. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 13(1), 10–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775117739414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogotch, I., & Reyes-Guerra, D. (2014). Leadership for social justice: Social justice pedagogies. International Journal of Education for Social Justice, 3(2), 33–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branch, T. (2006). Canaan’s edge: America in the king years 1965–68. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, J. S., Jean-Marie, G., Normore, A. H., & Hodgins, D. W. (2007). Distributed leadership for social justice: Exploring how influence and equity are stretched over an urban high school. Journal of School Leadership, 17(1), 378–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. M. (2004). Leadership for social justice and equity: Weaving a transformative framework and pedagogy. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(1), 77–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X03259147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. M. (2016). Leadership for social justice and equity: Evaluating a transformative framework and andragogy. Educational Administration Quarterly, 42(5), 700–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capper, C. A., Theoharis, G., & Sebastian, J. (2006). Toward a framework for preparing leaders for social justice. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(3), 209–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlone, H. B., Haun-Frank, J., & Kimmel, S. C. (2010). Tempered radicals: Elementary teachers’ narratives of teaching science within and against prevailing meanings of schooling. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 5, 941–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-010-9282-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, B. W., & Diem, S. (2013). Talking race: Facilitating critical conversations in educational leadership preparation programs. Journal of School Leadership, 13(1), 4–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Children’s Defense Fund. (1975). School suspensions: Are they helping children? A report. Cambridge, MA: Washington Research Project. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED113797.pdf

  • Dantley, M. E., & Tillman, L. C. (2010). Social justice and moral transformative leadership. In C. Marshall & M. Oliva (Eds.), Leadership for social justice (pp. 19–34). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMatthews, D. (2016). Effective leadership is not enough: Critical approaches to closing the discipline gap. The Clearing House, 89(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2015.1121120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMatthews, D. E., Edwards, D. B., Jr., & Rincones, R. (2016). Social justice leadership and family engagement: A successful case from Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Educational Administration Quarterly, 52(5), 754–792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X16664006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMatthews, D. E., & Mawhinney, H. (2014). Social justice leadership and inclusion: Exploring challenges in an urban district struggling to address inequities. Educational Administration Quarterly, 50(5), 844–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dentith, A. M., & Peterlin, B. (2011). Leadership education from within a feminist ethos. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 6(2), 36–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, F. M. (2002). Courage, passion, and vision: Leading systemic school improvement. International Journal of Educational Reform, 11(1), 63–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, E., & Scribner, S. M. P. (2018). “Venimos para que se oiga la voz”: Activating community cultural wealth as parental educational leadership. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 13(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775117744011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraise, N. J., & Brooks, J. S. (2015). Toward a theory of culturally relevant leadership for school-community culture. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 17(1), 6–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, G. (2012). Social justice leadership as praxis: Developing capacities through preparation programs. Educational Administration Quarterly, 48(2), 191–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooden, M. A., & Dantley, M. (2012). Centering race in a framework for leadership preparation. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 7(2), 237–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goud, N. H. (2005). Courage: Its nature and development. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 44(1), 102–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, T. L. (2017). Community-based equity audits: A practical approach for educational leaders to support equitable community-school improvements. Educational Administration Quarterly, 53(1), 3–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guskey, T. R. (2007). Leadership in the age of accountability. Educational Horizons, 86(1), 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, K. K., Davis, A. W., & Lashley, C. (2014). Transformational and transformative leadership in a research-informed leadership preparation program. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 9(3), 225–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horsford, S. D., Grosland, T., & Gunn, K. M. (2011). Pedagogy of the personal and professional: Toward a framework for culturally relevant leadership. Journal of School Leadership, 21(1), 582–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. S. (2002). Using data to close the achievement gap: How to measure equity in our schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalifa, M. A., Gooden, M. A., & Davis, J. E. (2016). Culturally responsive school leadership: A synthesis of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 1272–1311. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316630383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinert, H., Towles-Reeves, E., Quenemoen, R., Thurlow, M., Fluegge, L., Weseman, L., & Kerbel, A. (2015). Where students with the most significant cognitive disabilities are taught: Implications for general curriculum access. Exceptional Children, 81(3), 312–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402914563697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, K. C. (2013). “I love these girls—I was these girls”: Women leading for social justice in a single-sex public school. Journal of School Leadership, 23, 649–662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, K. C., & Jean-Marie, G. (2015). Courageous conversations about race, class, and gender: Voices and lessons from the field. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 28(7), 819–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2015.1036950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. M., & Hernandez, F. (2012). “I would not consider myself a homophobe:” Learning and teaching about sexual orientation in a principal preparation program. Educational Administration Quarterly, 49(3), 451–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X12463231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, G. M., Locke, L. A., & Scheurich, J. J. (2014). The rural social justice leader: An exploratory profile in resilience. Journal of School Leadership, 24(3), 482–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, K. B., Christman, D. E., Hernandez, F., Fierro, E., Capper, C. A., Dantley, M., … Scheurich, J. J. (2008). From the field: A proposal for educating leaders for social justice. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(1), 111–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerson, D. E. (2001). Tempered radicals: How people use difference to inspire change at work. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerson, D. E. (2008). Rocking the boat: How to effect change without making trouble. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerson, D. E., & Scully, M. A. (1995). Tempered radicalism and the politics of ambivalence and change. Organization Science, 6(5), 585–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norberg, K., Arlestig, H., & Angelle, P. S. (2014). Global conversations about social justice: The Swedish–US example. Management in Education, 28(3), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020614535949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, M. P., & Capper, C. A. (2015). A measure of the quality of educational leadership programs for social justice: Integrating LGBTIQ identities into principal preparation. Educational Administration Quarterly, 51(2), 290–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X14532468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pazey, B. L., & Cole, H. A. (2012). The role of special education training in the development of socially just leaders: Building an equity consciousness in educational leadership programs. Educational Administration Quarterly, 49(2), 243–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X12463934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, D., & Patterson, J. (2007). Voices of resilience from successful female superintendents. Journal of Women in Educational Leadership, 5(2), 89–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. (2016). Strategic activism, educational leadership and social justice. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 19(1), 87–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salinas, C. S., Fránquiz, M. E., & Rodríguez, N. N. (2016). Writing Latina/o historical narratives: Narratives at the intersection of critical historical inquiry and LatCrit. The Urban Review, 48(2), 264–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santamaría, L. J., & Santamaría, A. P. (2015). Counteracting educational injustice with applied critical leadership: Culturally responsive practices promoting sustainable change. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 17(1), 22–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, C. M. (2004). Dialogic leadership for social justice: Overcoming pathologies of silence. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(1), 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X03258963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, C. M. (2009). Courageous leadership for transforming schools: Democratizing practice. Norwood, MA: Christopher-Gordon Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, C. M. (2010). Transformative leadership: Working for equity in diverse contexts. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(4), 558–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X10375609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, P., Slater, C. L., Gorosave, G. L., Cerdas, V., Torres, N., Antunez, S., & Briceno, F. (2017). Journal of Educational Administration, 55(3), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-03-2016-0033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, C., Potter, I., Torres, N., & Briceno, F. (2014). Understanding social justice leadership: An international exploration of the perspectives of two school leaders in Costa Rica and England. Management in Education, 28(3), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020614537516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solorzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2001). Critical race and LatCrit theory and method: Counter-storytelling. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 14(4), 471–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szeto, E. (2014). From recipient to contributor: The story of a social justice leader in a Hong Kong primary school. Management in Education, 28(3), 116–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020614535950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terrell, R. D., Terrell, E. K., Lindsey, R. B., & Lindsey, D. B. (2018). Culturally proficient leadership: The personal journey begins within (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theoharis, G. (2007a). Navigating rough waters: A synthesis of the countervailing pressures against leading for social justice. Journal of School Leadership, 17(1), 4–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theoharis, G. (2007b). Social justice educational leaders and resistance: Toward a theory of social justice leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(2), 221–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X06293717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theoharis, G. (2008). “At every turn”: The resistance that principals face in their pursuit of equity and justice. Journal of School Leadership, 18(3), 303–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo, T., & Cooper, R. (2014). Framing social justice leadership in a university-based preparation program: The University of California’s Principal Leadership Institute. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 9(2), 142–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). (2018). K-12 education: Discipline disparities for black students, boys, and students with disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/692095.pdf

  • Venegas-Garcia, M. (2013). Leadership for social change: Learning from the perspectives of Latina/Chicana activist educators. Journal of School Leadership, 23(1), 685–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kendra Lowery .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Lowery, K. (2019). Critical Development of Courage Within Social Justice School Leaders: Silence, Tempered Radicals, and Revolutionaries. In: Papa, R. (eds) Handbook on Promoting Social Justice in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74078-2_150-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74078-2_150-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74078-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74078-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education

Publish with us

Policies and ethics