Abstract
The transition from incarceration back to school and community settings is daunting for youth (ages 13–18) and crucial for enhancing their likelihood of accessing sustainable pathways to promising futures. The reentry youth population is comprised of the most marginalized and oppressed communities of youth. While scholarship into youth incarceration and reentry focuses on predicting and preventing recidivism and the need to improve reentry/transition services for this vulnerable and marginalized population of youth, the need to rethink and develop new approaches to improving service provision is needed. Collaboration across service providers is necessary but insufficient to produce the critical changes to service provision that is so sorely needed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Abrams, L. S. (2006). From corrections to community: Youth offenders’ perceptions of the challenges of transition. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 44(2/3), 31–53.
Aizer, A., & Doyle, J. (2013). Juvenile incarceration, human capital, and future crime: Evidence from randomly-assigned judges (National Bureau of economic research). Cambridge, MA: NBER.
Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: New Press.
Altschuler, D., & Bilchik, S. (2015). Supporting youth in transition to adulthood: Lessons learned from child welfare and juvenile justice. Washington, DC: Center for Juvenile Justice Reform and Jim Casey Youth Opportunities Initiative.
Altschuler, D. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (1994). Intensive aftercare for high-risk juveniles: A community care model (Descriptive No. NCJ-147575). Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Altschuler, D., & Armstrong, T. (1995). Aftercare in the juvenile justice system: New trends and programs. Perspectives, 19(3), 24–29.
Altschuler, D. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (1997). Reintegrating high-risk juvenile offenders from secure correctional facilities into the community. Corrections Management Quarterly, 1, 75–83.
Altschuler, D. M., & Brash, R. (2004) Adolescent and teenage offenders confronting the challenges and opportunities of reentry. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2, 72–87.
Altschuler, D. M., & Bilchik, S. (2014). Critical elements of juvenile reentry in research and practice. New York: Council of State Governments Justice Center. Retrieved from https://csgjusticecenter.org/youth/posts/critical-elements-of-juvenile-reentry-in-research-and-practice/
Altschuler, D. M., Armstrong, T. L., & MacKenzie, D. (1999). Reintegration, supervised release, and intensive aftercare (Juvenile Justice Bulletin). Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
American Civil Liberties Union. (2012). Arrested futures report. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/maarrest_reportweb.pdf
Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2013). Jim Casey youth opportunities initiative Report. Retrieved from https://www.aecf.org/work/child-welfare/jim-casey-youth-opportunities-initiative/
Barrett, D. E., Katsiyannis, A., & Zhang, D. (2010). Predictors of offense severity, adjudication, incarceration and repeat referrals for juvenile offenders: A multi-cohort replication study. Remedial and Special Education, 31(4), 261–275.
Barton, W. H. (2006). Incorporating the strengths perspective into intensive juvenile aftercare. Western Criminology Review, 7(2), 48–61.
Barton, W., Jarjoura, G. R., & Besay, A. (2008). Evaluation of the boys and girls clubs of America targeted reentry initiative: Final report. Retrieved from: https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/bitstream/handle/11122/7278/0411.05.targeted_reentry.pdf?sequence=1
Bryk, A., Gomez, L., Grunow, A., & LeMaheiu, P. (2015). Learning to improve: How america’s schools can get better at getting better. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Publishing.
Building Bridges to Benefit Youth. (2006). Service coordination strengthens youth reentry. Policy brief 1. Washington, DC: National Juvenile Justice Network.
Bullis, M., & Yovanoff, P. (2002). Those who do not return: Correlates of the work and school engagement of formerly incarcerated youth who remain in the community. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10(2), 66–78.
Bullis, M., Yovanoff, P., Mueller, G., & Havel, E. (2002). Life on the outs examination of the facility-to-community transition of incarcerated youth. Exceptional Children, 69(1), 7–22.
Butts, J. A., & Roman, J. (2007). Changing systems: Outcomes from the reclaiming futures initiative on juvenile justice and substance abuse. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Butts, J. A., Roman, J. K., & Gitlow, E. (2009). Organizing for outcomes: Measuring the effects of Reclaiming Futures in four communities (Reclaiming futures national evaluation report). Portland, OR: Reclaiming Futures National Program Office, Portland State University, Regional Research Institute.
Calleja, N. G. (2019). Translating research into practice: Designing effective reentry services for adolescent offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 44, 18–23.
Calleja, N. G., Dadah, A. M., Fisher, J., & Fernandez, M. (2016). Reducing juvenile recidivism through specialized reentry services: A second chance act project. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 5(2), 1–15.
Campaign for Youth Justice. (2009). Policy brief. Retrieved from http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/documents/YouthTransferred.pdf
Carroll, M. (2008). Educating expelled students after no child left behind: Mending an incentive structure that discourages alternative education and reinstatement. University of California, Los Angeles Law Review, 55, 1909–1961.
Catucci, S. (2018). The prison beyond its theory between Michel Foucault’s militancy and thought. In E. Fransson, F. Giofre, & B. Johnsen (Eds.), Prison, architecture, and humans (pp. 329–341). Oslo, Norway: Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing.
Center for Children’s Law and Policy. (2016). Report. Retrieved from: http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/news/blog/tag/Center%20for%20Children%E2%80%99s%20Law%20and%20Policy
Center for Court Innovation. (2005). Stop the revolving door: Giving communities and youth the tools to overcome recidivism: Recommendations for juvenile reentry in New York City. New York, NY: Youth Justice Board.
Center for School Mental Health Analysis and Action. (2006). School reentry of juvenile offenders. College Park, MD: University of Maryland Center for School Mental Health Analysis and Action.
Children’s Defense Fund. (1975). School suspensions: Are they helping children? Report. Retrieved from http://www.childrensdefense.org/library/archives/digital-library/school-suspensions-are-they-helping-children.html?
Children’s Defense Fund. (2010). The state of America’s children report 2010. Retrieved from https://www.childrensdefense.org/wpcontent/uploads/2010/08/state-of-americas-children-2010.pdf
ChildTrends Databank Report (2006). Educational attainment. Retrieved from http://www.childtrends.org/indicators/educational-attainment/
Coalition for Juvenile Justice. (1988). A delicate balance. Retrieved from http://www.juvjustice.org/news/resources
Cochran, J. C., & Mears, D. P. (2015). Offending and ethnic disparities in criminal justice. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 32(1).
Coffey, O. D., & Gemignani, M. G. (1994). Effective practices in juvenile correctional education: A study of the literature and research 1980–1992,179. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Cole, H., & Cohen, R. (2013). Breaking down barriers: A case study of juvenile justice personnel perspectives on school reentry. Journal of Correctional Education, 64(1), 13–35.
Courtney, M., Terao, S., & Bost, N. (2004). Mideast evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Conditions of youth preparing to leave state care. Chicago, IL: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago.
Cusick, G. R., Goerge, R. M., & Bell, K. C. (2009). From corrections to community: The juvenile reentry experience as characterized by multiple systems involvement. Chicago, IL: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago.
Davis, A. (1998). In J. James (Ed.), The Angela y. Davis reader (Blackwell readers). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Davis, A. Y. (2003). Are prisons obsolete? New York, NY: Seven Stories Press.
Dembo, R. (2006). Recidivism among high risk youths: A 2½-year follow-up of a cohort of juvenile detainees. International Journal of the Addictions, 11, 1197–1221.
Dum, C. P., & Fader, J. J. (2013). These are kids’ lives!: Dilemmas and adaptations of juvenile aftercare workers. Justice Quarterly., 30(5), 784–810.
Feierman, J., Levick, M., & Mody, A. (2009/2010). The school-to-prison pipeline…and back: Obstacles and remedies for the re-enrollment of adjudicated youth. New York Law School Law Review, 54, 1115–1129. Retrieved from http://www.nylslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2013/11/54-4.Feierman-Levick-Mody.pdf
Fenning, P., & Rose, J. (2007). Overrepresentation of African American students in exclusionary discipline: The role of school policy. Urban Education, 42(6), 536.
Foucault, M. (1965). Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
Fredericks, B. (1994). Integrated service systems for troubled youth. Education and Treatment of Children, 17, 387–416.
Geib, C. F. (2011). The education of juveniles in detention: Policy considerations and infrastructure development. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(1), 3–11.
Goldkind, L. (2014). Protective webs: Exploring a role for school social workers on behalf of delinquent youth. Journal of Evidence Based Social Work, 11(4), 337–349.
Goldstein, B. (2012). “Crossover youth”: Intersection of child welfare & juvenile justice. Juvenile Justice Information Exchange. Retrieved from https://jjie.org/2012/11/15/crossover-youth-intersection-of-child-welfare-juvenile-justice/
Gonsoulin, S., & Read, N. W. (2011). Improving educational outcomes for youth in the juvenile justice and child welfare systems through interagency communication and collaboration. Washington, DC: National Evaluation and Technical Assistance Center for Children and Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At-Risk (NDTAC).
Griller-Clark, H., & Unruh, D. (2010). Transition practices for adjudicated youth with E/BDs and related disabilities. Behavioral Disorders, 36(1).
Hartwell, S., McMackin, R., Tansi, R., & Bartlett, N. (2010). I grew up too fast for my age: Postdischarge issues and experiences of male juvenile offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49, 495–515.
Hockenberry, S. (2018). Juveniles in residential placement. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/pubs/250951.pdf.
Holman, B., & Zeidenberg, J. (2006). The dangers of detention: The impact of incarcerating youth in detention and other secure facilities. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute.
Holman, B., & Zeidenberg, J. (2011). The dangers of detention: The impact of incarcerating youth in detention and other secure facilities. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute.
Huang, H., Ryan, J. P., & Herz, D. (2012). The journey of dual-involved: The description and prediction of rereporting and recidivism. Children & Youth Services Review, 34, 254–260.
Inderbitzin, M. (2009). Reentry of emerging adults: Adolescent inmates’ transition back into the community. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(4), 453–476.
Jacobs, J., & Freundlich, M. (2006). Achieving permanency for LGBTQ youth. Child Welfare, 2(2), 299–316.
Jain, S., Cohen, A., Jagannathan, P., Bassey, H., Leung, Y., & Bedford, S. (2018). Evaluating implementation of a collaborative juvenile reentry system in Oakland, California. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(12), 3662–3680.
James, C., Asscher, J., Stams, G., & De Roo, A. (2013). The effectiveness of aftercare for juvenile and young adult offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(10), 1159–1184.
Juvenile Justice Institute. (2014). The Lancaster county juvenile reentry project. Retrieved from http://www.unomaha.edu/college-of-public-affairs-and-community-service/juvenile-justice-institute/_files/documents/reentry-report-march-2014.pdf
Kapoor, A., Peterson-Badali, M., & Skilling, T. (2018). Barriers to service provision for justice involved youth. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45, 1832–1851.
Kasinathan, J. (2015). Predictors of rapid incarceration for mentally-ill young offenders. Australasian Psychiatry, (5, 5), 550–555.
Keeley, J. H. (2006). Will adjudicated youth return to school after residential placement? The results of a predictive variable study. Journal of Correctional Education, 57(1), 65.
Kimberley, M. (2014, May 28). Freedom rider: Police target Black children. [Black Agenda Report blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.blackagendareport.com/content/freedom-rider-police-target-black-children
Krinsky, M. A. (2010). A not so happy birthday: The foster youth transition from adolescence into adulthood. Family Court Review, 48, 250–254.
Leone, P., Quinn, M. M., & Osher, D. M. (2002). Collaboration in the juvenile justice system and youth serving agencies: Improving prevention, providing more efficient services, and reducing recidivism for youth with disabilities. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research. Retrieved from http://cecp.air.org/juvenilejustice/docs/Collaboration%20in%20the%20Juvenile%20Justice%20System.pdf.
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Mader, J., & Butrymowicz, S. (2014). Pipeline to prison: Special education too often leads to jail for thousands of American children. New York, NY: Teacher’s College, Columbia University Hechinger Report. Retrieved from https://hechingerreport.org/pipeline-prison-special-education-often-leads-jail-thousands-americanchildren/.
Mathur, S. R., & Griller Clark, H. (2013). Prerelease planning and practices for youth with disabilities in juvenile detention. Journal of Special Education Leadership, 26(2), 82–92.
Mathur, S. R., & Griller-Clark, H. (2014). Community engagement for reentry success of youth from juvenile justice: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Education and Treatment of Children, 37(4), 713–734.
Matvya, J., Lever, N. A., & Boyle, R. (2006). School reentry of juvenile offenders. In Center for school mental health analysis and action, department of psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland School of Medicine.
Mears, D. P., & Travis, J. (2004). Youth development and reentry. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(1), 3–20.
Meiners, E. (2007). Right to be hostile: Schools, prisons, and the making of public enemies. New York, NY: Routledge.
Meiners, E. (2011). Ending the school-to-prison pipeline/building abolitionist futures. Urban Review, 43(4), 547–565.
Merton, R. K. (1940). Bureaucratic structure and personality. Social Forces, 17, 560–568.
Michon, K. (n.d.). When juveniles are tried in adult criminal courts. Retrieved from https://www.nolo.com/legalencyclopedia/juveniles-youth-adult-criminal-court-32226.html
Ministry of Justice of the United Kingdom. (2015). Youth justice statistics. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/youth-justice-statistics. Accessed 10 Oct 2018.
Minor, K. I., Wells, J. B., & Angel, E. (2008). Recidivism among juvenile offenders following release from residential placements: Multivariate predictors and gender differences. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 46(3/4), 171–188.
Morris, M. W. (2016). Pushout: The criminalization of black girls in schools. New York, NY: The New Press.
Morrison, H. R., & Epps, B. D. (2002). Warehousing or rehabilitation? Public schooling in the juvenile justice system. The Journal of Negro Education, 71(3), 218–232.
Musu-Gillette, L., de Brey, C., McFarland, J., Hussar, W., Sonnenberg, W., & Wilkinson-Flicker, S. (2017). Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2017 (NCES 2017-051). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch.
National Center for Learning Disabilities. (2014). The state of learning disabilities. Retrieved from http://www.ncld.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2014-State-of-LD.pdf
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2012). Trends in juvenile justice report. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/documents/cj/Juvenile_Justice_Trends_1.pdf
National Reentry Resource Center. (2014). Reducing recidivism. Retrieved from https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ReducingRecidivism_StatesDeliverResults.pdf
National Technical Assistance for the Education of Neglected or Delinquent Children. (2014). Status report. Retrieved from http://www.neglected-delinquent.org/events/ndtac-conferences/2014-ndtac-national-conference
Nellis, A. (2011). Policies and practices that contribute to racial and ethnic disparity in juvenile justice. In Parsons (Ed.), Disproportionate Minority Contact: Current Issues and Policies (pp. 3–4). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
Nellis, A., & Wayman, R. (2009). Back on track: Supporting youth reentry from out-of-home placement to the community. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.
New York Crime Commission. (2012). Guide to juvenile justice in nyc. Retrieved from http://www.nycrimecommission.org/resources.php
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2005) Recommendations for meeting the educational needs of system-involved youth. Retrieved from http://www.facjj.org/pdf/2005annualrecfacjj.pdf
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2010). Annual report. Washington, DC: United State Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/pubs/237051.pdf
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2012). Reentry and aftercare. Retrieved from https://www.ojjdp.gov/search/SearchResults.asp?ti=12&si=34&p=topic
Osgood, D. W., Foster, E. M., & Courtney, M. E. (2010). Vulnerable populations and the transition to adulthood. Future of Children, 20(1), 209–229.
Pope, C. E., & Hsia, H. M. (2002). Disproportionate minority confinement. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Puzzanchera, C. & Adams, B. (2011). National Report Series: Juvenile Arrests 2009. US Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Rajah, V., Kramer, R., & Sung, H. (2014). Changing narrative accounts: How young men tell different stories when arrested, enduring jail time, and navigating community reentry. Punishment & Society, 16(3), 285.
Reed, D. K., & Wexler, J. (2014). “Our teachers…don’t give us no help, no nothing’”: Juvenile offenders’ perceptions of academic support. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 31(3), 188–218.
Rodriguez, N. (2013). Concentrated disadvantage and the incarceration of youth. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50(2), 189.
Sedlak, A., & Bruce, C. (2010). Youth’s characteristics and backgrounds: Findings from the survey of youth in residential placement. Washington, DC: The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (2006). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 national report. Washington, DC: The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Spencer, M. B., & Jones-Walker, C. (2004). Interventions and services offered to former juvenile offenders reentering their communities: An analysis of program effectiveness. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(1), 88.
Steinberg, L., Chung, H. L., & Little, M. (2004). Reentry of youth people from the justice system: A developmental perspective. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(1), 21–38.
Stepteau-Watson, D., Watson, J., & Lawrence, S. (2014). Young African-american males in reentry: An Afrocentric cultural approach. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24(6), 658–665.
Strndova, I., Cumming, T., & O’Neill, S. (2017). Young people transitioning from juvenile justice to the community: Transition planning and interagency collaboration. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 29, 19–38.
Sullivan, M. L. (2004). Youth perspectives on the experience of reentry. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(1), 56–71.
Swain, A, & Noblit, G. (2011). Education in a punitive society: An introduction. Urban Review, 43, 465–475.
The Sentencing Project. (2014). Policy brief: Disportionate minority contact in the juvenile justice system. Washington, DC: Author.
The Sentencing Project. (2017a). Annual report. Washington, DC: Author.
The Sentencing Project. (2017b). Fact sheet: Black disparities in youth incarceration. Washington, DC: Author.
The Sentencing Project. (2018). Incarcerated women and girls. Washington, DC: Author.
Todis, B., Bullis, M., Waintrup, M., Schultz, R., & D’Ambrosio, R. (2001). Overcoming the odds: Qualitative examination of resilience among formerly incarcerated adolescents. Exceptional Children, 68(1), 119–139.
Tollett, C. L., & Benda, B. (1999). A study recidivism of serious and persistent offenders among adolescents. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(3), 111–124.
Trout, A., Lambert, L., Epstein, M., Tyler, P., Thompson, R., Stewart, M., & Daly, D. (2013). Comparison of on-the-way-home aftercare supports and traditional care following discharge from a residential setting: A pilot randomized control trial. Child Welfare, 92(3), 27–45.
Tyler, P., Trout, A., Epsteon, M., & Thompson, R. (2014). Provider perspectives on aftercare services for youth in residential care. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 31(3), 219–229.
Unruh, D., Povenmire-Kirk, T., & Yamamoto, S. (2009). Perceived barriers and protective factors of juvenile offenders on their developmental pathway to adulthood. Journal of Correctional Education, 60(3), 201.
Von Krogh, G. (2011). Knowledge sharing in organizations: The role of communities. In M. Easterby-Smith & M. A. Lyles (Eds.), Handbook of organizational learning & knowledge management (pp. 403–433). Chicester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Wacquant, L. (2009). Punishing the poor: The neoliberal government of social insecurity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Walker, B. L. T. (2012). Teacher education and African-american males: Deconstructing pathways from the schoolhouse to the “big house”. Teacher Education and Special Education, 35(4), 320–332.
Wagner, P. & Sawyer, W. (2018). Mass incarceration: The whole pie 2018. Northampton, MA: Prison Policy Initiative.
Webb, S., & Maddox, M. E. (1986). The juvenile corrections interagency transition model: Moving students from institutions into community schools. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 56–61.
White, J., & Wehlage, G. (1995). Community collaboration: If it is such a good idea, why is it so hard to do? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 17, 23–38.
Wiebush, R. G., Wagner, D., McNulty, B., Wang, Y., & Le, T. N. (2005). Implementation and outcome evaluation of the intensive aftercare program, final report. Washington, DC: National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
Wyckoff, L., Cooney, S. M., Djakovic, D. K., & McClanahan, W. S. (2008). Disconnected young people in New York City: Crisis and opportunity. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures.c/Private Ventures.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Belkin, L.D. (2020). Challenges with School Reentry for Incarcerated Youth and Inadequacies of Collaborative Service Provision by Schools and Agencies. In: Papa, R. (eds) Handbook on Promoting Social Justice in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74078-2_115-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74078-2_115-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74078-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74078-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education