Skip to main content

Unsupervised Automatic Text Style Transfer Using LSTM

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing (NLPCC 2017)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 10619))

Abstract

In this paper, we focus on the problem of text style transfer which is considered as a subtask of paraphrasing. Most previous paraphrasing studies have focused on the replacements of words and phrases, which depend exclusively on the availability of parallel or pseudo-parallel corpora. However, existing methods can not transfer the style of text completely or be independent from pair-wise corpora. This paper presents a novel sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) based deep neural network model, using two switches with tensor product to control the style transfer in the encoding and decoding processes. Since massive parallel corpora are usually unavailable, the switches enable the model to conduct unsupervised learning, which is an initial investigation into the task of text style transfer to the best of our knowledge. The results are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, showing that the model can deal with paraphrasing at different text style transfer levels.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473 (2014)

  2. Barzilay, R.: Information fusion for multidocument summarization: paraphrasing and generation. Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Beltagy, I., Roller, S., Boleda, G., Erk, K., Mooney, R.J.: Utexas: natural language semantics using distributional semantics and probabilistic logic. In: SemEval 2014, p. 796 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bjerva, J., Bos, J., Van der Goot, R., Nissim, M.: The meaning factory: formal semantics for recognizing textual entailment and determining semantic similarity. In: Proceedings of SemEval (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Brown, P.F., Cocke, J., Pietra, S.A.D., Pietra, V.J.D., Jelinek, F., Lafferty, J.D., Mercer, R.L., Roossin, P.S.: A statistical approach to machine translation. Comput. Linguist. 16(2), 79–85 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cao, Z., Luo, C., Li, W., Li, S.: Joint copying and restricted generation for paraphrase. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.09235 (2016)

  7. Chung, J., Gulcehre, C., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.3555 (2014)

  8. Ganitkevitch, J., Callison-Burch, C., Napoles, C., Van Durme, B.: Learning sentential paraphrases from bilingual parallel corpora for text-to-text generation. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1168–1179. Association for Computational Linguistics (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ganitkevitch, J., Van Durme, B., Callison-Burch, C.: PPDB: the paraphrase database. In: HLT-NAACL, pp. 758–764 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gatys, L.A., Ecker, A.S., Bethge, M.: Image transfer using convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2414–2423 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Han, L., Kashyap, A., Finin, T., Mayfield, J., Weese, J.: UMBC EBIQUITY-CORE: semantic textual similarity systems. In: Proceedings of the Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics. vol. 1, pp. 44–52 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735–1780 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hu, B., Chen, Q., Zhu, F.: LCSTS: a large scale Chinese short text summarization dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.05865 (2015)

  14. Ji, Y., Eisenstein, J.: Discriminative improvements to distributional sentence similarity. In: EMNLP, pp. 891–896 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kingma, D., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014)

  16. Kiros, R., Zhu, Y., Salakhutdinov, R.R., Zemel, R., Urtasun, R., Torralba, A., Fidler, S.: Skip-thought vectors. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3294–3302 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Koehn, P., Hoang, H., Birch, A., Callison-Burch, C., Federico, M., Bertoldi, N., Cowan, B., Shen, W., Moran, C., Zens, R., et al.: Moses: open source toolkit for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the ACL on Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions, pp. 177–180. Association for Computational Linguistics (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Li, X., Wu, X.: Constructing long short-term memory based deep recurrent neural networks for large vocabulary speech recognition. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 4520–4524. IEEE (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Liu, G., Rosello, P., Sebastian, E.: Style transfer with non-parallel corpora. http://prosello.com/papers/style-transfer-s16.pdf

  20. Madnani, N., Dorr, B.J.: Generating phrasal and sentential paraphrases: a survey of data-driven methods. Comput. Linguist. 36(3), 341–387 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Mikolov, T., Karafiát, M., Burget, L., Cernockỳ, J., Khudanpur, S.: Recurrent neural network based language model. In: Interspeech, vol. 2, p. 3 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Post, M., Ganitkevitch, J., Orland, L., Weese, J., Cao, Y., Callison-Burch, C., Irvine, A., Zaidan, O.F., et al.: Semi-Markov phrase-based monolingual alignment. In: Proceedings of EMNLP, vol. 1, pp. 166–177. Association for Computational Linguistics (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Prakash, A., Hasan, S.A., Lee, K., Datla, V., Qadir, A., Liu, J., Farri, O.: Neural paraphrase generation with stacked residual LSTM networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.03098 (2016)

  24. Rastogi, P., Van Durme, B., Arora, R.: Multiview LSA: representation learning via generalized CCA. In: HLT-NAACL, pp. 556–566 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rush, A.M., Chopra, S., Weston, J.: A neural attention model for abstractive sentence summarization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1509.00685 (2015)

  26. Schuster, M., Paliwal, K.K.: Bidirectional recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 45(11), 2673–2681 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Serban, I.V., Klinger, T., Tesauro, G., Talamadupula, K., Zhou, B., Bengio, Y., Courville, A.: Multiresolution recurrent neural networks: an application to dialogue response generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.00776 (2016)

  28. Socher, R., Huang, E.H., Pennington, J., Ng, A.Y., Manning, C.D.: Dynamic pooling and unfolding recursive autoencoders for paraphrase detection. In: NIPS, vol. 24, pp. 801–809 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sultan, M.A., Bethard, S., Sumner, T.: DLS@CU: sentence similarity from word alignment. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014), pp. 241–246 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Sutskever, I., Vinyals, O., Le, Q.V.: Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. pp. 3104–3112 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Xu, W., Ritter, A., Dolan, W.B., Grishman, R., Cherry, C.: Paraphrasing for style. In: 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING 2012 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Yin, W., Schütze, H.: Convolutional neural network for paraphrase identification. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 901–911 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Yu, M., Dredze, M.: Improving lexical embeddings with semantic knowledge. In: ACL (2), pp. 545–550 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ou Wu or Zhendong Niu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Han, M., Wu, O., Niu, Z. (2018). Unsupervised Automatic Text Style Transfer Using LSTM. In: Huang, X., Jiang, J., Zhao, D., Feng, Y., Hong, Y. (eds) Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing. NLPCC 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10619. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73618-1_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73618-1_24

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73617-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73618-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics