Related Terms
Product service systems (PSS); Green business models; Social business models; Circular business models; Sharing business models
Definition
Sustainable business models (SBMs) draw on economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability in defining an organization’s purpose, use a triple bottom-line (people, profit, planet) approach in measuring performance, consider the needs of all stakeholders rather than giving priority to shareholder expectations, treat “nature” as a stakeholder and promote environmental stewardship, and encompass a system, as well as a firm-level perspective (based on Stubbs and Cocklin 2008).
Background
This entry introduces the concept of sustainable business models. It starts with a brief overview on the concept of business models more generally, followed by explaining business models for sustainability, or synonymously, sustainable business models. This is followed by the linkages between...
References
Adams R, Jeanrenaud S, Bessant J, Denyer D, Overy P (2016) Sustainability-oriented innovation: a systematic review. Int J Manag Rev 18(2):180–205
Agarwal N, Chakrabarti R, Brem A, Bocken N (2018) Market driving at Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP): an analysis of social enterprises from the healthcare sector. J Bus Res 86:234–244
Amit R, Zott C (2012) Creating value through business model innovation. MIT Sloan Manag Rev 53(3):41–49
Andries P, Debackere K, Van Looy B (2013) Simultaneous experimentation as a learning strategy: business model development under uncertainty. Strateg Entrep J 7(4):288–310
Antikainen M, Aminoff A, Paloheimo H, Kettunen O (2017) Designing circular business model experimentation – case study. The ISPIM Innovation Forum, Toronto, Canada on 19–22 March 2017
Baldassarre B, Calabretta G, Bocken NMP, Jaskiewicz T (2017) Bridging sustainable business model innovation and user-driven innovation: a process for sustainable value proposition design. J Clean Prod 147:175–186
Benner MJ, Tushman ML (2003) Exploitation, exploration, and process management: the productivity dilemma revisited. Acad Manag Rev 28(2):238–256
Blomsma F, Brennan G (2017) The emergence of circular economy: a new framing around prolonging resource productivity. J Ind Ecol 21:603–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12603
Bocken N, Short S, Rana P, Evans S (2013) A value mapping tool for sustainable business modelling. Corp Gov 13(5):482–497
Bocken N, Short S, Rana P, Evans S (2014) A literature and practice review to develop Sustainable Business Model Archetypes. J Clean Prod 65:42–56
Bocken NMP, De Pauw I, van der Grinten B, Bakker C (2016) Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy. J Ind Prod Eng 32(1):67–81
Bocken N, Schuit C, Kraaijenhagen K (2018) Experimenting with a circular business model: lessons from eight cases. Environ Innov Soc Trans 28:79–95
Bocken N, Boons F, Baldassarre B (2019) Sustainable business model experimentation by understanding ecologies of business models. J Clean Prod 208:1498–1512
Boons F, Lüdeke-Freund F (2013) Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda. J Clean Prod 45:9–19
Botsman R, Rogers R (2010) What’s mine is yours: the rise of collaborative consumption. HarperBusiness, New York
Breuer H, Lüdeke-Freund F (2017) Values- based network and business model innovation. Int J Innov Manag 21(3):1750028. (35 pages)
Ceschin F, Gaziulusoy I (2016) Evolution of design for sustainability: from product design to design for system innovations and transitions. Des Stud 47:118–163
Chesbrough H (2010) Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers. Long Range Plan 43(2–3):354–363
Clinton L, Whisnant R (2014) Model behavior: 20 business model innovations for sustainability. London: Sustainability
Geissdörfer M, Bocken N, Hultink E (2016) Design thinking to enhance the sustainable business modelling process – a workshop based on a value mapping process. J Clean Prod 135:1218–1232
Hockerts K, Wüstenhagen R (2010) Greening Goliaths versus emerging Davids – theorizing about the role of incumbents and new entrants in sustainable entrepreneurship. J Bus Ventur 25(5):481–492
IPCC (2018) Summary for policy-makers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). http://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf. Accessed 9 Oct 2018
Jones P, Upward A (2014) Caring for the future: the systemic design of flourishing enterprises. In: Proceedings of RSD3, third symposium of relating systems thinking to design, Oslo School of Architecture and Design, 15–17 October 2014, Oslo
Joyce A, Paquin R (2016) The triple layered business model canvas: a tool to design more sustainable business models. J Clean Prod 135(1):1474–1486
Kirchherr J, Reike D, Hekkert M (2017) Conceptualizing the circular economy: an analysis of 114 definitions. Resour Conserv Recycl 127:221–232
Konietzko J, Bocken N, Hultink E (2018) Business model experimentation for the circular economy in a service network context. In: 25TH IPDMC: innovation & product development management conference, Porto, 10–13 June 2018
Lindahl M, Sundin E, Sakao T (2014) Environmental and economic benefits of Integrated Product Service Offerings quantified with real business cases. J Clean Prod 64:288–296
Lüdeke-Freund F, Massa L, Bocken N, Brent A, Musango J (2016) Business models for shared value: how sustainability-oriented business models contribute to business success and societal progress. Network for Business Sustainability South Africa, Cape Town
Lüdeke-Freund F, Carroux S, Joyce A, Massa L, Breuer H (2018a) The sustainable business model pattern taxonomy–45 patterns to support sustainability-oriented business model innovation. Sustain Prod Consum 15:145–162
Lüdeke-Freund F, Gold S, Bocken N (2018b) A review and typology of circular economy business model patterns. J Ind Ecol 15:145–162. (in press)
Magretta J (2002) Why business models matter. Harv Bus Rev 80(5):86–92
Manninen K, Koskela S, Antikainen R, Bocken N, Dahlbo H, Aminoff A (2018) Do circular economy business models capture intended environmental value propositions? J Clean Prod 171:413–422
Massa L, Tucci CL, Afuah A (2017) A critical assessment of business model research. Acad Manag Ann 11(1):73–104
McGrath RG (2010) Business models: a discovery driven approach. Long Range Plan 43(2–3):247–261
Mont OK (2002) Clarifying the concept of product–service system. J Clean Prod 10(3):237–245
Osterwalder A, Pigneur Y (2010) Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. Wiley, New Jersey
Osterwalder A, Pigneur Y, Tucci CL (2005) Clarifying business models: origins, present, and future of the concept. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 16(1):1
Porter M, Kramer M (2006) Strategy and society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harv Bus Rev 84(12):78–92
Ranjbari M, Morales-Alonso G, Carrasco-Gallego R(2018) Conceptualizing the sharing economy through presenting a comprehensive framework. Sustainability 10(7):2336
Richardson J (2008) The business model: an integrative framework for strategy execution. Strateg Chang 17(5–6):133–144
Ries E (2011) The lean startup: how today’s entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses. Penguin Books, London
Ritala P, Huotari P, Bocken N, Albareda L, Puumalainen K (2018) Sustainable business model adoption among S&P 500 firms: a longitudinal content analysis study. J Clean Prod 170:216–226
Sarasini S, Linder M (2018) Integrating a business model perspective into transition theory: the example of new mobility services. Environ Innov Soc Trans 27:16–31
Sarasvathy SD (2001) Causation and effectuation: toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Acad Manag Rev 26(2):243
Schaltegger S, Lüdeke-Freund F, Hansen EG (2012) Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability. Int J Innov Sustain Dev 6(2):95–119
Schaltegger S, Lüdeke-Freund F, Hansen EG (2016) Business models for sustainability: a co-evolutionary analysis of sustainable entrepreneurship, innovation, and transformation. Organ Environ 29(3):264–289
Scheyvens R, Banks G, Hughes E (2016) The private sector and the SDGs: the need to move beyond ‘business as usual’. Sustain Dev 24(6):371–382
Schmidt-Bleek F (1998) The MIPS-concept. Environmental behaviour and quality of life: ecological, sociological, psychological and communicational indicators of sustainability, p 27. https://homepage.univie.ac.at/rainer.maderthaner/Reprints/Eurokonferenz%201.pdf#page=28
Slawinski N, Pinkse J, Busch T, Banerjee SB (2017) The role of short-termism and uncertainty avoidance in organizational inaction on climate change: a multi-level framework. Bus Soc 56(2):253–282
Stahel WR, Reday-Mulvey G (1981) Jobs for tomorrow: the potential for substituting manpower for energy. Vantage Press, New York
Stubbs W, Cocklin C (2008) Conceptualizing a “sustainability business model”. Organ Environ 21(2):103–127
Teece DJ (2010) Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Plan 43(2–3):172–194
Tukker A (2004) Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Bus Strateg Environ 13(4):246–260
Tukker A (2015) Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy – a review. J Clean Prod 97:76–91
Tukker A, Ekins P (2017) Concepts fostering resource efficiency: a trade-off between ambitions and viability. Ecol Econ 15:145–162. (in press)
United Nations Development (UNDP) (2018) Sustainable development goals. Programme http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html. Accessed 8 Oct 2018
Weissbrod I, Bocken N (2017) Developing sustainable business experimentation capability – a case study. J Clean Prod 142(Part 4):2663–2676
Wells P (2018) Degrowth and techno-business model innovation: the case of Riversimple. J Clean Prod 197(2):1704–1710
Whalen K, Kijne G (2018) Game-based approaches to sustainable innovation. In: Bocken N, Ritala P, Albareda L, Verburg R (eds) Innovation for sustainability. Business transformations towards a better world. Palgrave Macmillan Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business. pp 375–392 (forthcoming)
Yunus M, Moingeon B, Lehmann-Ortega L (2010) Building social business models: lessons from the grameen experience. Long Range Plan 43(2/3):308–325
Zamani B, Sandin G, Peters GM (2017) Life cycle assessment of clothing libraries: can collaborative consumption reduce the environmental impact of fast fashion? J Clean Prod 162:1368–1375
Zink T, Geyer R (2017) Circular economy rebound. J Ind Ecol 21(3):593–602
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Bocken, N. (2019). Sustainable Business Models. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P., Wall, T. (eds) Decent Work and Economic Growth. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_48-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_48-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71058-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71058-7
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences