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Visual Art: Visions of Glory in Eschatological Community

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Spirit of the Arts

Part of the book series: Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies ((CHARIS))

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Abstract

By assessing visibility and folk art, this chapter gives our pneumatological aesthetics a visionary eschatological component that is integral to one’s understanding of community. Pentecostals and charismatics are an eschatological people, and visual art can play a significant role in community formation and symbolic expression. This chapter overviews outsider and folk art, particularly focusing on the works of William Thomas Thompson, Sister Gertrude Morgan, and Howard Finster. Although the artworld recognizes the artists over against their actual artistic production, one can still glean important things about symbolic expression and authenticity from these artists. This chapter posits that artists can truly create visionary works when they come from a place of authenticity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Donald Kuspit , “In Search of the Visionary Image” Art Journal, Vol. 45, No. 4 (1985), 321.

  2. 2.

    William Dyrness , Reformed Theology and Visual Culture: The Protestant Imagination from Calvin to Edwards (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 7.

  3. 3.

    This should not be overstated, however, as Jonathan Anderson and William Dyrness offer a full account of Christian engagement in modern art in their recent book Modern Life and the Life of a Culture: The Religious Impulses of Modernism (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2016).

  4. 4.

    Joel Robbins , “The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity,” The Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 33 (2004), 120.

  5. 5.

    Mauro Carbone , The Flesh of Images: Merleau-Ponty Between Painting and Cinema, trans. by Marta Nijhuis (Albany: Suny Press, 2015), 35.

  6. 6.

    Maurice Merleau-Ponty , “Eye and Mind,” in The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader: Philosophy and Painting, Galen Johnson, Ed. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1993), 147.

  7. 7.

    John Berger , Ways of Seeing (London: Penguin Books, 1972), 7.

  8. 8.

    Berger, Ways of Seeing, 9.

  9. 9.

    Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” 124.

  10. 10.

    Michael B. Smith , “Merleau-Ponty’s Aesthetics,” in The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader: Philosophy and Painting, Galen Johnson, Ed. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1993), 208.

  11. 11.

    Galen Johnson , “Ontology and Painting,” in The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader: Philosophy and Painting, Galen Johnson, Ed. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1993), 47.

  12. 12.

    Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” 125.

  13. 13.

    Carbone, The Flesh of Images, 9.

  14. 14.

    Maurice Merleau-Ponty , The Visible and the Invisible, Ed. by Claude Lefort, trans. by Alphonso Lingis (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1968), 257.

  15. 15.

    Johnson, “Ontology and Painting, 53.

  16. 16.

    Johnson, “Ontology and Painting, 37.

  17. 17.

    This is the sort of Cartesian view that Merleau-Ponty is reacting against.

  18. 18.

    Kuspit, “In Search of the Visionary Image,” 321.

  19. 19.

    Maurice Merleau-Ponty, “Cézanne’s Doubt,” in The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader: Philosophy and Painting, Galen Johnson, Ed. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1993), 69.

  20. 20.

    Berger, Ways of Seeing, 9–10.

  21. 21.

    Berger, Ways of Seeing, 10.

  22. 22.

    Berger, Ways of Seeing, 10.

  23. 23.

    Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” 126.

  24. 24.

    James Elkins , What Painting Is: How to Think About Oil Painting, Using the Language of Alchemy (London: Routledge, 1999), 3.

  25. 25.

    Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” 123–124.

  26. 26.

    Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” 123–124.

  27. 27.

    Berger, Ways of Seeing, 88–89.

  28. 28.

    Elkins, What Painting Is, 5.

  29. 29.

    Johnson, “Structure and Painting,” 33.

  30. 30.

    Johnson, “Structure and Painting,” 33.

  31. 31.

    Jean-Luc Marion, The Crossing of the Visible, trans. by James K. A. Smith (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 25.

  32. 32.

    Marion, The Crossing of the Visible, 26–27.

  33. 33.

    Marion, The Crossing of the Visible, 31.

  34. 34.

    Elkins, What Painting Is, 193.

  35. 35.

    It should be noted that Marion differs on this point. He believes that an authentic painting “escapes as much the one who signs it as the one who looks at it (35).” But I believe this loses the crucial point that context is needed to adequately understand a work of art. An artwork’s context includes both its creator and the viewer as components to its ontology. The crucial point is not who created the work, but rather that it was created. The author indicates the piece’s history and the viewer its function as an object of contemplation.

  36. 36.

    Arthur Danto, What Art Is (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 37.

  37. 37.

    Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Picador, 1990), 158.

  38. 38.

    Colin Rhodes , Outsider Art: Spontaneous Alternatives (London: Thames & Hudson, 2000), 7.

  39. 39.

    Lucienne Peiry , Art Brut: The Origins of Outsider Art (Paris: Flammarion, 1997), 39.

  40. 40.

    Rhodes, Outsider Art, 7.

  41. 41.

    Charles Wilson , “A Larger View: Self-Taught Art, the Bible, and Southern Creativity,” in Coming Home!: Self-Taught Artists, the Bible and the American South, Carol Crown, Ed. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004), 82.

  42. 42.

    Leslie Luebbers , “Introduction,” in Coming Home!: Self-Taught Artists, the Bible and the American South, Carol Crown, Ed. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004) , 12.

  43. 43.

    Annie Bourneuf, Paul Klee: The Visible and the Legible (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015), 127.

  44. 44.

    Peiry, Art Brut, 16.

  45. 45.

    Peiry, Art Brut, 20.

  46. 46.

    Walter Morgenthaler, Madness & Art: The Life and the Works of Adolf Wolfli (1921, repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992).

  47. 47.

    Hans Prinzhorn, Artistry of the Mentally Ill (1922, repr., New York: Springer-Verlag, 1972).

  48. 48.

    Peiry, Art Brut, 22.

  49. 49.

    Peiry, Art Brut, 92.

  50. 50.

    Peiry, Art Brut, 57.

  51. 51.

    Peiry, Art Brut, 12.

  52. 52.

    Peiry, Art Brut, 164.

  53. 53.

    Rhodes, Outsider Art, 14.

  54. 54.

    Rhodes, Outsider Art, 39.

  55. 55.

    Leslie Luebbers, “Introduction,” in Coming Home!: Self-Taught Artists, the Bible and the American South, Carol Crown, Ed. (Jackson: The University Press of Mississippi, 2004), 12.

  56. 56.

    It should be noted that neither the Holiness nor Pentecostal movements began in the South. Holiness Christianity gained a southern audience following the postbellum era after originating in the North (Stephens, The Fire Spreads, 16), and Pentecostal teachings began in Kansas with teachings from Charles Parham , but were really set ablaze at the Azusa Street Revival beginning in 1906 under the leadership of William Seymour (227). Holiness and Pentecostal faith and practices, however, did find their way South, where they would grow exponentially in adherents and influence.

  57. 57.

    Wilson, “A Larger View, 75.

  58. 58.

    Randall Stephens, The Fire Spreads: Holiness and Pentecostalism in the American South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 5.

  59. 59.

    Stephens, The Fire Spreads, 9.

  60. 60.

    Stephens, The Fire Spreads, 9.

  61. 61.

    Stephens, The Fire Spreads, 162. It should be noted here that some scholarship has been done on early documents showing that there was actually much greater diversity in early Pentecostal eschatology. Larry McQueen argues that only the Finished Work and Oneness Pentecostals really latched onto the Darbyian Dispensational Eschatology. See Larry McQueen, Toward a Pentecostal Eschatology: Discerning the Way Forward (Dorset: Deo Publishing, 2012).

  62. 62.

    Stephens, The Fire Spreads, 169.

  63. 63.

    Carol Crown and Charles Russell , “Introduction,” in Sacred and Profane: Voice and Vision in Southern Self-taught Art, Carol Crown and Charles Russell, Eds. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007), xiv.

  64. 64.

    Carol Crown , “The Bible, Evangelical Christianity, and Southern Self-Taught Artists,” in Coming Home!: Self-Taught Artists, the Bible and the American South, Carol Crown, Ed. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004), 15.

  65. 65.

    Crown, “The Bible,” 15.

  66. 66.

    Crown, “The Bible,” 29.

  67. 67.

    Greg Bottoms, The Colorful Apocalypse: Journeys in Outsider Art (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press), xv.

  68. 68.

    William Thomas Thompson, Art World of William Thomas Thompson (Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation, 2006), ii.

  69. 69.

    Bottoms, The Colorful Apocalypse, 120.

  70. 70.

    Bottoms, The Colorful Apocalypse, 27.

  71. 71.

    Bottoms, The Colorful Apocalypse, 71–72.

  72. 72.

    Thompson, Art World of William Thomas Thompson, 16.

  73. 73.

    Thompson, Art World of William Thomas Thompson, 16.

  74. 74.

    Thompson, Art World of William Thomas Thompson, 19.

  75. 75.

    Thompson, Art World of William Thomas Thompson, 50.

  76. 76.

    Thompson, Art World of William Thomas Thompson, ii.

  77. 77.

    Carol Crown and Cheryl Rivers, Eds. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, Volume 23: Folk Art (Chapel Hill: North Carolina Press, 2013), 430.

  78. 78.

    William Fagaly , Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan (New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2004), 3.

  79. 79.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 3.

  80. 80.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 12.

  81. 81.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 12.

  82. 82.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 12.

  83. 83.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 12.

  84. 84.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 13.

  85. 85.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 20.

  86. 86.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 20.

  87. 87.

    Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry, 24.

  88. 88.

    Barbara Matilsky, Leslie Dill’s Poetic Visions: from SHIMMER to SISTER GERTRUDE MORGAN (Bellingham: Whatcom Museum, 2011), 7.

  89. 89.

    Matilsky, Leslie Dill’s Poetic Visions, 14.

  90. 90.

    Carol Crown , “Howard Finster,” in Coming Home!: Self-Taught Artists, the Bible and the American South, Carol Crown, Ed. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004), 31.

  91. 91.

    Howard Finster, I am Howard Finster a Stranger from Another World, 1978.

  92. 92.

    Norman Girardot , Envisioning Howard Finster: The Religion and Art of a Stranger from Another World (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015), 81.

  93. 93.

    Girardot, Envisioning Howard Finster, 31.

  94. 94.

    Bottoms, The Colorful Apocalypse, 49.

  95. 95.

    Girardot, Envisioning Howard Finster, 81–82.

  96. 96.

    Girardot, Envisioning Howard Finster, 82.

  97. 97.

    Girardot, Envisioning Howard Finster, 61.

  98. 98.

    Girardot, Envisioning Howard Finster, 13.

  99. 99.

    Girardot, Envisioning Howard Finster, 7.

  100. 100.

    Crown, “Howard Finster,” 31.

  101. 101.

    Girardot, Envisioning Howard Finster, 18.

  102. 102.

    Howard Finster, Paradise Garden Foundation, http://paradisegardenfoundation.org/history/the-garden/ (accessed 10/3/15).

  103. 103.

    Jann Weaver , “Gary Seal and Outsider Art: Engaging the Sacramental through Prophetic Form,” in Visual Theology: Forming and Transforming the Community through the Arts, Robin Jensen and Kimberly Vrudny, Eds. (Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2009), 57.

  104. 104.

    Roger Cardinal , “Toward and Outsider Aesthetics,” in The Artist Outsider: Creativity and the Boundaries of Culture, Michael Hall and Eugene Metcalf, Jr., Eds. (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), 33.

  105. 105.

    Cardinal, “Toward and Outsider Aesthetics,” 33.

  106. 106.

    Cardinal, “Toward and Outsider Aesthetics,” 33–34.

  107. 107.

    Matilsky, Leslie Dill’s Poetic Visions, 14.

  108. 108.

    Bottoms, The Colorful Apocalypse, xv.

  109. 109.

    Greg Bottoms , Angelhead: My Brother’s Descent into Madness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

  110. 110.

    Bottoms, The Colorful Apocalypse, 10.

  111. 111.

    Greg Bottoms , Spiritual American Trash: Portraits from the Margins of Art & Faith (Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2013), 4.

  112. 112.

    Elizabeth Manley Delacruz , “Outside In: Deliberation on American Contemporary Folk Art,” The Journal of Aesthetic Education, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2000), 84.

  113. 113.

    Rod Pattenden , “Pop Art Terror/Apocalypse Returning: George Gittoes in New York and Baghdad” in Visual Theology: Forming and Transforming the Community through the Arts, Robin Jensen and Kimberly Vrudny, Eds. (Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2009), 57.

  114. 114.

    Pattenden, “Pop Art Terror,” 64.

  115. 115.

    “Trenton Doyle Hancock ,” art 21, http://www.pbs.org/art21/artists/trenton-doyle-hancock (accessed 1/1/16).

  116. 116.

    Gabe Scott , “Welcome to Trenton: Meet the Man Behind the Zebra,” Juxtapoz (2015), http://www.trenton-doyle.przm.com/home (accessed 1/1/2016).

  117. 117.

    Trenton Doyle Hancock , quoted in “Trenton Doyle Hancock in Conversation with Gary Panter,” in Trenton Doyle Hancock: 20 Years of Drawing, Valerie Oliver, Ed. (Houston: Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, 2014), 22.

  118. 118.

    Andrea Richard , “Artists of African Decent Explore the American South at MOA/Fort Lauderdale,” New Times Broward Palm Beach Arts & Culture (2014) http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/arts/artists-of-african-descent-explore-the-american-south-at-moa-fort-lauderdale-6354526 (accessed 1/1/15).

  119. 119.

    Scott “Welcome to Trenton.”

  120. 120.

    Hancock in “Welcome to Trenton: Meet the Man Behind the Zebra,” Gabe Scott, Juxtapoz (2015), http://www.trenton-doyle.przm.com/home (accessed 1/1/2016).

  121. 121.

    “Trenton Doyle Hancock.”

  122. 122.

    Richard, “Artists of African Descent.”

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Félix-Jäger, S. (2017). Visual Art: Visions of Glory in Eschatological Community. In: Spirit of the Arts. Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67919-8_6

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