Abstract
Moral distress, although not always recognized or named as such, is a phenomenon experienced by healthcare professionals from most disciplines and in diverse settings. Although the causes and experience of moral distress may vary with role responsibilities and practice context, powerlessness and lack of control over the situation are common themes across the spectrum. This chapter captures the perspectives of contributors who are nurses, doctors, social workers, chaplains, and pharmacists about their experience of moral distress as healthcare professionals.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jameton A. Nursing practice: the ethical issues. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall; 1984.
Jameton A. A reflection on moral distress in nursing together with a current application of the concept. J Bioeth Inq. 2013;10(3):297–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-013-9466-3.
Storch J, Rodney P, Varcoe C, Pauly B, Starzomski R, Stevenson L, et al. Leadership for ethical policy and practice (LEPP): participatory action project. Nurs Leadersh (Tor Ont). 2009;22(3):68–80.
Davis A, Aroskar M. Ethical dilemmas & nursing practice. Saddle River: Appleton Century Crofts; 1978.
Stein LI. The doctor-nurse game. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1967;16(6):699–703.
Stein LI. The doctor-nurse game. Am J Nurs. 1968;68(1):101–5.
Stein LI, Watts DT, Howell T. The doctor-nurse game revisited. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(8):546–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199002223220810.
Davis AJ, Fowler M, Aroskar M. Ethical dilemmas & nursing. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2010.
Kramer M. Reality shock: why nurses leave nursing. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby; 1974.
Vaughn RH. The actual incidence of moral problems in nursing: a preliminary study in empirical ethics. Washington DC: Catholic University of America; 1935.
Lemkuhl A. Theologia Moralis (2 vols. cpl/2 Bande)- Vol 1. Theologiam moralem generalem et ex speciali theologia morali tractatus de virtutibus et officiis vitae christianae/Vol, II. Theologiae moralis specialis parten secundam seu tractatus De subsidiis vitae christianae cum duabus appendicibus. Herder: Frigurgi Brisgoviae; 1910.
Parsons SE. Nursing problems and obligations. Boston: M. Barrows & Co.; 1928. p. 109.
American Nurses’ Association (ANA). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Silver Spring: American Nurses Association; 2015. p. 37.
Robb IAH. Nursing ethics: for hospital and private use. New York: Koeckert; 1900. p. 256–7.
Hirschman AO. Exit, voice, and loyalty: responses to decline in firms, organizations and states. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1970.
Donley R, Flaherty MJ. Revisiting the American Nurses Association’s first position on education for nurses. Online J Issues Nurs. 2008;13(2). http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/vol132008/No2May08/ArticlePreviousTopic/EntryIntoPracticeUpdate.html
American Nurses’ Association (ANA). Education for nursing. Am J Nurs. 1965;65(12):106–11.
Fowler MD. Heritage ethics: toward a thicker account of nursing ethics. Nurs Ethics. 2016;23(1):7–21. Published online before print November 23, 2015
Fowler M. Why the history of nursing ethics matters. Nurs Ethics. 2017;24(3):292–304.
Fowler M. Guide to nursing’s social policy statement: understanding the essence of the profession from social contract to social covenant. Silver Spring: American Nurses Association; 2015.
Sullivan WM. Work and integrity: the crisis and promise of professionalism in America. 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2005. p. 2–3.
Sullivan W, Benner P. Challenges to professionalism: work integrity and the call to renew and strengthen the social contract of the professions. Am J Crit Care. 2005;14(1):79.
Johnstone MJ, Hutchinson A. ‘Moral distress’ – time to abandon a flawed nursing construct? Nurs Ethics. 2015;22(1):10.
Fowler M, Mahon K. Moral development and clinical decision making. Nurs Clin North Am. 1979;14(1):3–12. Publication of authorship correction in subsequent issue
McCarthy J, Gastmans C. Moral distress: a review of the argument-based nursing ethics literature. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22(1):131–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557139.
McCarthy J, Deady R. Moral distress reconsidered. Nurs Ethics. 2008;15(2):254–62.
Peter E, Liaschenko J. Moral distress reexamined: a feminist interpretation of nurses’ identities, relationships, and responsibilites. J Bioeth Inq. 2013;10(3):337–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-013-9456-5.
Peter E. Guest editorial: three recommendations for the future of moral distress scholarship. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22(1):3–4.
Jameton A. What moral distress in nursing history could suggest about the future of health care. AMA J Ethics. 2017;19(6):617–28.
Baer ED, D’Antonio P, Rinker S, Lanaugh JE. Enduring issues in American nursing. New York: Springer; 2002. p. 337.
Craig SL, Muskat B. Bouncers, brokers, and glue: the self-described roles of social workers in urban hospitals. Health Soc Work. 2013;38(1):7–16.
Gregorian C. A career in hospital social work: do you have what it takes? Soc Work Health Care. 2005;40(3):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1300/J010v40n03_01.
Congress E. What social workers should know about ethics: understanding and resolving practice dilemmas. Adv Soc Work. 2000;1(1):1–22.
Mattison M. Ethical decision making: the person in the process. Soc Work. 2000;45(3):201–12.
Weinberg M. Moral distress: a missing but relevant concept for ethics in social work. Can Soc Work Rev. 2009;26(2):139–51.
Epstein E, Delgado S. Understanding and addressing moral distress. Online J Issues Nurs. 2010;15(3):1. Manuscript 1.
Fourie C. Moral distress and moral conflict in clinical ethics. Bioethics. 2015;29(2):91–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12064.
Hamric AB. A case study of moral distress. J Hosp Palliat Care. 2014;16(8):457–63.
Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):422–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D.
Hamric AB, Borchers CT, Epstein EG. Development and testing of an instrument to measure moral distress in healthcare professionals. AJOB Prim Res. 2012;3(2):1–9.
Varcoe C, Pauly B, Storch J, Newton L, Makaroff K. Nurses’ perceptions of and responses to morally distressing situations. Nurs Ethics. 2012;19(4):488–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733011436025.
Wiegand DL, Funk M. Consequences of clinical situations that cause critical care nurses to experience moral distress. Nurs Ethics. 2012;19(4):479–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733011429342.
Allen R, Judkins-Cohn T, deVelasco R, Forges E, Lee R, Clark L, Procunier M. Moral distress among healthcare professionals at a health system. JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul. 2013;15(3):111–118; . quiz 119-120. https://doi.org/10.1097/NHL.0b013e3182a1bf33.
de Veer AJ, Francke AL, Struijs A, Willems DL. Determinants of moral distress in daily nursing practice: a cross sectional correlational questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013;50(1):100–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.08.017.
Moffatt M. Reducing moral distress in case managers. Prof Case Manag. 2014;19(4):173–86.
Trotochaud K, Coleman JR, Krawiecki N, McCracken C. Moral distress in pediatric healthcare providers. J Pediatr Nurs. 2015;30(6):908–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2015.03.001.
Bruce CR, Miller SM, Zimmerman JL. A qualitative study exploring moral distress in the ICU team: the importance of unit functionality and intrateam dynamics. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(4):823–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000822.
Houston S, Casanova MA, Leveille M, Schmidt KL, Barnes SA, Trungale KR, Fine RL. The intensity and frequency of moral distress among different healthcare disciplines. J Clin Ethics. 2013;24(2):98–112. https://www.ninr.nih.gov.
Manttari-van der Kuip M. Moral distress among social workers: the role of insufficient resources. Int J Soc Welf. 2016;25(1):86–97.
Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(8):1708–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050.
Blomberg H, Kallio J, Kroll C, Saarinen A. Job stress among social workers: determinants and attitude effects in the Nordic countries. Br J Soc Work. 2015;45(7):2089–105.
Huxley P, Evans S, Gately C, Webber M, Mears A, Pajak S, Kendall T, Medina J, Katona C. Stress and pressures in mental health social work: the worker speaks. Br J Soc Work. 2005;35(7):1063–79.
Kim H, Stoner M. Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: effects of role stress, job autonomy and social support. Adm Soc Work. 2008;32(3):5–25.
Rossi A, Cetrano G, Pertile R, Rabbi L, Donisi V, Grigoletti L, Curtolo C, Tansella M, Thornicroft G, Amaddeo F. Burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction among staff in community-based mental health services. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200(2–3):933–8.
DiFranks NN. Social workers and the NASW code of ethics: belief, behavior, disjuncture. Soc Work. 2008;53(2):167–76.
Fenton J. An analysis of ‘ethical stress’ in criminal justice social work in Scotland: the place of values. Br J Soc Work. 2015;45:1415–32.
Taylor MF. Professional dissonance: a promising concept for clinical social work. Smith College Studies in Social Work. 2007;77(1):89–99.
Lev S, Ayalon L. Moral distress among long-term care social workers: questionnaire validation. Research on social work practice from Online First. 2016. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1049731516672070.
Corley MC, Elswick RK, Gorman M, Clor T. Development and evaluation of a moral distress scale. J Adv Nurs. 2001;33(2):250–6.
Hamric AB. Empirical research on moral distress: issues, challenges, and opportunities. HEC Forum. 2012;24(1):39–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10730-012-9177-x.
Fantus S, Greenberg RA, Muskat B, Katz D. Exploring moral distress for hospital social workers. The British Journal of Social Work. 2017. Online First .
Cullen AF. Leaders in our own lives: suggested indications for social work leadership from a study of social work practice in a palliative care setting. Br J Soc Work. 2013;43(8):1527–44.
Otis-Green S, Sidhu RK, Del Ferraro C, Ferrell B. Integrating social work into palliative care for lung cancer patients and families: a multidimensional approach. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2014;32(4):431–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2014.917140.
Stein GL, Fineberg IC. Advance care planning in the USA and UK: a comparative analysis of policy, implementation and the social work role. Br J Soc Work. 2013;43(2):233–48.
Kalliath P, Kalliath T. Does job satisfaction mediate the relationship between work-family conflict and psychological strain? A study of Australian social workers. Asia Pac J Soc Work Dev. 2013;23(2):91–105.
Manttari-van der Kuip M. The deteriorating work-related well-being among statutory social workers in a rigorous economic context. Eur J Soc Work. 2014;17(5):672–88.
Sutinen R, Kivimaki M, Elovainio M, Virtanen M. Organizational fairness and psychological distress in hospital physicians. Scand J Public Health. 2002;30(3):209–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14034940210133843.
Auerbach C, Mason SE, Heft Laporte H. Evidence that supports the value of social work in hospitals. Soc Work Health Care. 2007;44(4):17–32. https://doi.org/10.1300/J010v44n04_02.
Lloyd C, King R, Chenoweth L. Social work, stress and burnout: a review. J Ment Health. 2002;11(3):255–65.
Gibson M. Social worker shame: a scoping review. Br J Soc Work. 2016;46(2):549–65.
Jansson BS, Dodd SJ. Ethical activism: strategies for empowering medical social workers. Soc Work Health Care. 2002;36(1):11–28. https://doi.org/10.1300/J010v36n01_02.
Beddoe L, Davys AM, Adamson C. Never trust anybody who says “I don’t need supervision”: practitioners’ beliefs about social worker resilience. Pract Soc Work Action. 2014;26(2):113–30.
Bogo M, Paterson J, Tufford L, King R. Supporting front-line practitioners’ professional development and job satisfaction in mental health and addiction. J Interprof Care. 2011;25(3):209–14. https://doi.org/10.3109/13561820.2011.554240.
Landau R. Ethical dilemmas in general hospitals: social workers’ contribution to ethical decision-making. Soc Work Health Care. 2000;32(2):75–92.
Acker GM. The challenges in providing services to clients with mental illness: managed care, burnout and somatic symptoms among social workers. Community Ment Health J. 2010;46(6):591–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9269-5.
Leichtentritt RD. Beyond favourable attitudes of end-of-life rights: the experiences of Israeli health care social workers. Br J Soc Work. 2011;41(8):1459–76.
Sabin JE. Using moral distress for organizational improvement. J Clin Ethics. 2017;28(1):33–6.
Whitehead PB, Herbertson RK, Hamric AB, Epstein EG, Fisher JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh Off Publ Sigma Theta Tau Int Honor Soc Nurs. 2015;47(2):117–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12115.
Shanafelt TD, Balch CM, Bechamps G, et al. Burnout and medical errors among American surgeons. Ann Surg. 2010;251(6):995–1000. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181bfdab3.
Fuks A, Brawer J, Boudreau JD. The foundation of physicianship. Perspect Biol Med. 2012;55(1):114–26. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2012.0002.
Minogue B. The two fundamental duties of the physician. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2000;75(5):431–42.
Cruess SR, Cruess RL. Professionalism and medicine’s social contract with society. Virtual Mentor VM. 2004;6(4). https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2004.6.4.msoc1-0404.
Long C, Tsay EL, Jacobo SA, Popat R, Singh K, Chang RT. Factors associated with patient press ganey satisfaction scores for ophthalmology patients. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(2):242–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.044.
Sinsky C, Colligan L, Li L, et al. Allocation of physician time in ambulatory practice: a time and motion study in 4 specialties. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(11):753–60. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-0961.
Rushton CH, Kaszniak AW, Halifax JS. A framework for understanding moral distress among palliative care clinicians. J Palliat Med. 2013;16(9):1074–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2012.0490.
Austin CL, Saylor R, Finley PJ. Moral distress in physicians and nurses: impact on professional quality of life and turnover. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2017;9(4):399–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000201.
Fumis RRL, Junqueira Amarante GA, de Fátima Nascimento A, Vieira Junior JM. Moral distress and its contribution to the development of burnout syndrome among critical care providers. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-017-0293-2.
Wurm W, Vogel K, Holl A, et al. Depression-burnout overlap in physicians. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0149913. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149913. van Wouwe J, ed.
Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Physician burnout is better conceptualised as depression. Lancet Lond Engl. 2017;389(10077):1397–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30897-8.
Center C, Davis M, Detre T, et al. Confronting depression and suicide in physicians: a consensus statement. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3161–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3161.
Campbell SM, Ulrich CM, Grady C. A broader understanding of moral distress. Am J Bioeth AJOB. 2016;16(12):2–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2016.1239782.
Larson CP, Dryden-Palmer KD, Gibbons C, Parshuram CS. Moral distress in PICU and neonatal ICU practitioners: a cross-sectional evaluation. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(8):e318–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000001219.
Garros D, Austin W, Carnevale FA. Moral distress in pediatric intensive care. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(10):885–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1663.
Brandon D, Ryan D, Sloane R, Docherty SL. Impact of a pediatric quality of life program on providers’ moral distress. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2014;39(3):189–97.
Rosenberg AR, Orellana L, Kang TI, Geyer JR, Feudtner C, Dussel V, Wolfe J. Differences in parent-provider concordance regarding prognosis and goals of care among children with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(27):3005–11. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.55.4659.
Hilden JM, Emanuel EJ, Fairclough DL, Link MP, Foley KM, Clarridge BC, et al. Attitudes and practices among pediatric oncologists regarding end-of-life care: results of the 1998 American Society of Clinical Oncology survey. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(1):205–12. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.1.205.
Mack JW, Smith TJ. Reasons why physicians do not have discussions about poor prognosis, why it matters, and what can be improved. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(22):2715–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.42.4564.
Mack JW, Wolfe J, Cook EF, Grier HE, Cleary PD, Weeks JC. Hope and prognostic disclosure. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(35):5636–42. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6110.
Kaye E, Mack JW. Parent perceptions of the quality of information received about a child’s cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(11):1896–901. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.24652.
Mack JW, Wolfe J, Grier HE, Cleary PD, Weeks JC. Communication about prognosis between parents and physicians of children with cancer: parent preferences and the impact of prognostic information. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(33):5265–70. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.5326.
Whitehead K. Motherhood as a gendered entitlement: intentionality, “othering,” and homosociality in the online infertility community. Can Rev Sociol. 2016;53(1):94–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12093.
Hill DL, Miller V, Walter JK, Carroll KW, Morrison WE, Munson DA, et al. Regoaling: a conceptual model of how parents of children with serious illness change medical care goals. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-684X-13-9.
Bronfenbrenner U. In: Bronfenbrenner U, editor. Making human beings human: bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2005.
Kazak AE. Comprehensive care for children with cancer and their families: a social ecological framework guiding research, practice, and policy. Child Serv Soc Policy Res Pract. 2001;4(4):217–33.
Mooney-Doyle K, Deatrick JA. Parenting in the face of childhood life-threatening conditions: the ordinary in the context of the extraordinary. Palliat Support Care. 2016;14(3):187–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951515000905.
Feudtner C, Walter JK, Faerber JA, Hill DL, Carroll KW, Mollen CJ, et al. Good-parent beliefs of parents of seriously ill children. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(1):39–47. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2341.
Hinds PS, Oakes LL, Hicks J, Powell B, Srivastava DK, Spunt SL, et al. “Trying to be a good parent” as defined by interviews with parents who made phase I, terminal care, and resuscitation decisions for their children. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(35):5979–85. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.20.0204.
Mooney-Doyle K, dos Santos MR, Szylit R, Deatrick JA. Parental expectations of support from healthcare providers during pediatric life-threatening illness: a secondary, qualitative analysis. J Pediatr Nurs. 2017;36:163–72.
Laing CM, Moules NJ, Estefan A, Lang M. Stories that heal: understanding the effects of creating digital stories with pediatric and adolescent/young adult oncology patients. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2017;34(4):272–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043454216688639.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Davis, A.J. et al. (2018). Healthcare Professional Narratives on Moral Distress: Disciplinary Perspectives. In: Ulrich, C., Grady, C. (eds) Moral Distress in the Health Professions . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64626-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64626-8_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64625-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64626-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)