Abstract
This chapter provides a framework for building successful online communities that offer solidarity to their members in the face of online racism. The framework looks at the eight different types of online communities, the types of stakeholders driving or empowering them and a range of proactive and reactive strategies they can adopt to tackle cyber racism. This framework is illustrated with in-depth case studies and examples of each type of community and how they can contribute to the creation of online communities of solidarity and resistance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abitbol, C. (2011, July 27). The Fight Against Online Hate. The Australian Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.net.au/the-fight-against-online-hate/22046. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
All Together Now. (2017). All Together Now About Us. http://alltogethernow.org.au/about-us-2/. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Charities and Not For Profit Commission. (2016). All Together Now. https://www.acnc.gov.au/RN52B75Q?ID=21EBC005-6E2A-454F-B519-5A5DB6C842B5&noleft=1. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Charities and Not For Profit Commission. (2017). Online Hate Prevention Institute. https://www.acnc.gov.au/RN52B75Q?ID=08FA27C4-3484-4CCD-89F0-D74243903476&noleft=1. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Australian Government. (2016). Australian Human Rights Commission. https://www.ag.gov.au/Publications/Budgets/Budget2016-17/Documents/Portfolio-budget-statements/PBS-AHRC-2016-17.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2007). Social Justice Report 2007—Chapter 3: The Northern Territory ‘Emergency Response’ Intervention. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/social-justice-report-2007-chapter-3-northern-territory-emergency-response-intervention. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2013a). Racism. It Stops with Me. https://itstopswithme.humanrights.gov.au/. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2013b). Racism. It Stops with Me. Support the Campaign: Organisations. https://itstopswithme.humanrights.gov.au/what-can-you-do/join-campaign/support-campaign-organisations. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2013c). Racism. It Stops with Me and the National Anti-Racism Strategy: One Year on, Australian Human Rights Commission. https://itstopswithme.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/RISWM%20One%20Year%20On%20Report_0.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2015). National Anti-Racism Strategy and Racism. It Stops with Me: Summary Evaluation and Future Directions. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/race-discrimination/publications/national-anti-racism-strategy-and-racism-it-stops-me. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2017a). About the Commission. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/about-commission-0. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2017b). Individual Supporters. https://itstopswithme.humanrights.gov.au/what-can-you-do/join-campaign/individual-supporters. Accessed 13 Feb 2017.
Bodkin-Andrews, G. (2013). Promoting Resiliency to Counter Racism: The Lived Wisdom Within Aboriginal Voices. InPsych, 35(4), 14–15. www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2013/august/bodkin-andrews. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Connelly, K. (2016). Undermining Cosmopolitanism: Cyber-Racism Narratives in Australia. Sites, 13(1), 156–176.
Daniels, J. (2012). Race and Racism in Internet Studies: A Review and Critique. New Media & Society, 15(5), 695–719. doi:10.1177/1461444812462849.
European Commission. (2016). European Commission—Press Release. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-1937_en.htm. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Facebook. (2017a). Facebook Business—Boost Your Posts. https://www.facebook.com/business/help/547448218658012. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Facebook. (2017b). Online Hate Prevention Institute. https://www.facebook.com/onlinehate/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017
Facebook. (2017c). IndigenousX. https://www.facebook.com/Indigenousx/. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Facebook. (2017d). All Together Now. https://www.facebook.com/alltogethernow.org.au/. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Facebook. (2017e). Racism Stops with Me. https://www.facebook.com/pg/Racism-Stops-With-Me-565692716841638/about/?ref=page_internal. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Facebook. (2017f). Australian Human Rights Commission. https://www.facebook.com/aushumanrights/. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Facebook. (2017g). Australian Race Discrimination Commissioner Tim Soutphommasane. https://www.facebook.com/Australian-Race-Discrimination-Commissioner-Tim-Soutphommasane-653778944684939/. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Facebook. (2017h). FECCA. About. https://www.facebook.com/pg/iFECCA/about/?ref=page_internal. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
FECCA. (2017). FECCA. http://fecca.org.au. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Fight Against Hate. (2015a). Welcome to Fight Against Hate. https://fightagainsthate.com. Accessed 9 Feb 2017
Fight Against Hate. (2015b). SAMIH: Spotlight on Anti-Muslim Internet Hate. About. https://fightagainsthate.com/samih/about.php. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Fight Against Hate. (2015c). SAMIH: Spotlight on Anti-Muslim Internet Hate. Sponsors, Partners & Supporters. https://fightagainsthate.com/samih/partners.php. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Fight Against Hate. (2015d). The SAMIH Project. Budget. https://fightagainsthate.com/samih/resource/budget.pdf Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Gargliardone, I., Gal, D., Alves, T., & Martinez, G. (2015). Countering Online Hate Speech. Paris: UNESCO.
Gehl, R. W. (2010). A Cultural and Political Economy of Web 2.0 (PhD Thesis). Online at: http://www.robertwgehl.org/text/gehl_diss_full.pdf
Go Fund Me. (2017). Put Aus girls back in Aus day ad. https://www.gofundme.com/aus-day. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Graham, D. G. (2015). Lost to View: The Resilience of Indigenous Australians in the Face of Systematic Racism. In V. Pulla & M. Bharath Bhushan (Eds.), Some Aspects of Community Empowerment and Resilience (pp. 49–62). New Delhi: Allied Publishers.
Guardian Australia. (2017). IndigenousX. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/series/indigenousx. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Indiegogo. (2015). SAMIH: Spotlight on Anti-Muslim Internet Hate. https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/samih-spotlight-on-anti-muslim-internet-hate#/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017
IndigenousX. (2017a). IndigenousX Our Story. http://indigenousx.com.au/about/#.WJzkQKOr1hc. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
IndigenousX. (2017b). IndigenousX BlogX. http://indigenousx.com.au/blogx/#.WGWJ66Or1DY. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Jakubowicz, A. (2012). Cyber Racism. In H. Sykes (Ed.), More or Less: Democracy and New Media. Sydney: Future Leaders.
Kowal, E. (2015). Time, Indigeneity and White Anti-Racism in Australia. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 26(1), 94–111.
Markus, A. (2016). Mapping Social Cohesion. The Scanlon Foundation Surveys 2016. Retrieved from http://www.monash.edu/mapping-population/public-opinion/social-cohesion-report. 10 Feb 2017.
Miller, D. (2011). Tales from Facebook. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Mohammad, S., & Kiritchenko, S. (2015). Using Hashtags to Capture Fine Emotion Categories from Tweets. Computational Intelligence, 31(2), 301–326.
NADC. (2017). About Our National Day. http://www.australiaday.org.au/australia-day/about-our-national-day/. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Oboler, A. (2013). Islamophobia on the Internet: The Growth of Online Hate Targeting Muslims. Online Hate Prevention Institute, Melbourne.
Oboler, A. (2015). Spotlight on Anti-Muslim Internet Hate Interim Report. Melbourne: Online Hate Prevention Institute. http://ohpi.org.au/anti-muslim-hate-interim-report/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Oboler, A. (2016a). The Normalisation of Islamophobia Through Social Media: Facebook. In I. Awan (Ed.), Islamophobia in Cyberspace (pp. 41–62). London: Routledge.
Oboler, A. (2016b). Measuring the Hate: The State of Antisemitism in Social Media. Online Hate Prevention Institute. http://ohpi.org.au/measuring-antisemitism/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Oboler, A., & Connelly, K. (2014,December 10–12). Hate Speech: A Quality of Service Challenge. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on e-Learning, e-Services and e-Management (pp. 117–121). Melbourne.
Office for the Community Sector. (2013). Community Collaboration: The Changing Context of Local Government and Community Sector Partnerships (Report). Melbourne: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0005/832172/Community-collaboration-The-changing-context-of-local-government-and-community-sector-partnerships-1-July-2013.doc. Accessed 30 June 2016.
OHPI. (2015a). Launch of Spotlight on Anti-Muslim Internet Hate Campaign. http://ohpi.org.au/launch-of-spotlight-on-anti-muslim-internet-hate-campaign/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
OHPI. (2015b). Victorian Government Supports SAMIH. http://ohpi.org.au/victorian-government-supports-samih/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
OHPI. (2015c). Presentation in the UN (New York). http://ohpi.org.au/unaoc/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
OHPI. (2016a). Annual Report 2016-Briefings. http://ohpi.org.au/annual-report-2016-briefings/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
OHPI. (2016b). Unity in Diversity on Australia Day. http://ohpi.org.au/unity-in-diversity-on-australia-day/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
OHPI. (2016c). Racist Groups Use Australia Day to Promote Bigotry. http://ohpi.org.au/racist-groups-use-australia-day-to-promote-bigotry/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
OHPI. (2016d). The Different Meanings of Australia Day. http://ohpi.org.au/the-different-meanings-of-australia-day/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Oxford Dictionaries. (2017). Online Community. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/online_community. Accessed 9 Feb 2017
Paradies, Y., Chandrakumar, L., Klocker, N., Frere, M., Webster, K., Burrell, M., & McLean, P. (2009). Building on Our Strengths: A Framework to Reduce Race-Based Discrimination and Support Diversity in Victoria (Report). Melbourne: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/~/media/ProgramsandProjects/Publications/Attachments/Building on our strengths-full report v2.ashx. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Pollack, I. R. (2015). World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Special Digital Focus 2015. Paris: UNESCO.
Rodgers, K., & Scobie, W. (2015). Sealfies, Seals and Celebs: Expressions of Inuit Resilience in the Twitter Era. Interface: A Journal on Social Movements, 7(1), 70.
Roth, P. (2014). New Tool to Fight Online Hate. The Australian Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.net.au/new-tool-to-fight-online-hate/38909. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
The Big Smoke. (2015). Spotlight on Antisemitism—Illuminating the Nature of Hate. http://thebigsmoke.com.au/2015/03/31/spotlight-antisemitism-illuminating-nature-hate/. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
The New York Times. (2016). Europe Presses American Tech Companies to Tackle Hate Speech. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/06/technology/europe-hate-speech-facebook-google-twitter.html?_r=0. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
Twitter. (2017a). All Together Now. https://twitter.com/alltognow. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Twitter. (2017b). Racism. It Stops with Me. https://twitter.com/itstopswithme. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Twitter. (2017c). FECCA. https://twitter.com/ifecca. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Victorian Auditor-General’s Office. (2015). Public Participation in Government Decision-making: Better Practice Guide (Report). Melbourne: Victorian Auditor-General’s Office. http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/publications/20150130-Public-Participation-BPG/20150130-Public-Participation-BPG.pdf. Accessed 14 Feb 2017
Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. (2009). Building on Our Strengths. https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/media-and-resources/publications/building-on-our-strengths. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Youtube. (2017). IndigenousX. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTK6oqOtAgPONFsdVyf6fDw. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jakubowicz, A. et al. (2017). Building Online Communities of Resistance and Solidarity . In: Cyber Racism and Community Resilience. Palgrave Hate Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64388-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64388-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64387-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64388-5
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)