Skip to main content

Cyber Abuse in Romantic Relationships

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan

Abstract

Cyber forms of intimate partner violence involve the use of electronic methods such as email, text messaging, websites, apps, social media platforms, and GPS tracking units to carry out abuse toward romantic partners. Abusive acts can include mild forms of cyber aggression such as insulting, belittling, and swearing at a partner as well as more severe acts such as making threats, publicly embarrassing one’s partner, engaging in sexual coercion, and stalking. This chapter will summarize research on cyber abuse in teen, emerging adult, and adult romantic relationships, and it will review the interconnections between cyber abuse and other types of intimate partner violence. Various types of cyber abuse will be described including emotional abuse (e.g., name-calling); ignoring/exclusion (e.g., purposely ignoring communications from one’s partner); sexual abuse (e.g., pressuring one’s partner to take and send sexually explicit images); and intrusion/monitoring/stalking behaviors (e.g., making a partner text a picture to verify their current location or using GPS tracking units). Prevalence rates of cyber abuse and assessment methods will be reviewed. This chapter will also review potential risk factors for cyber abuse. Suggestions for the prevention of cyber abuse, safety tips for victims, and recommended directions for future research will be provided.

This chapter was initially published with an incorrect copyright holder name. It has been corrected to © Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Barry, R. A., & Lawrence, E. (2013). “Don’t stand so close to me”: An attachment perspective of disengagement and avoidance in marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(3), 484–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, S. (2017). Revenge porn and mental health: A qualitative analysis of the mental health effects of revenge porn on female survivors. Feminist Criminology, 12(1), 22–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. C., Guran, E. L., Ramos, M. C., & Margolin, G. (2011). College students’ electronic victimization in friendships and dating relationships: Anticipated distress and associations with risky behaviors. Violence and Victims, 26(4), 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.4.410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borrajo, E., Gámez-Guadix, M., & Calvete, E. (2015a). Justification beliefs of violence, myths about love and cyber dating abuse. Psicothema, 27(4), 327–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borrajo, E., Gámez-Guadix, M., Pereda, N., & Calvete, E. (2015b). The development and validation of the cyber dating abuse questionnaire among young couples. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 358–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brem, M. J., Florimbio, A. R., Grigorian, H., Wolford-Clevenger, C., Elmquist, J., Shorey, R. C., … & Stuart, G. L. (2017). Cyber abuse among men arrested for domestic violence: Cyber monitoring moderates the relationship between alcohol problems and intimate partner violence. Psychology of Violence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000130.

  • Brown, C., & Hegarty, K. (2018). Digital dating abuse measures: A critical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 40, 44–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bui, N. H., & Pasalich, D. S. (2018). Insecure attachment, maladaptive personality traits, and the perpetration of in-person and cyber psychological abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518760332.

  • Burke, S. C., Wallen, M., Vail-Smith, K., & Knox, D. (2011). Using technology to control intimate partners: An exploratory study of college undergraduates. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1162–1167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cambridge, E. (2018). Revenge porn death: Boyfriend whose girlfriend jumped to her death after he threatened to send video of her snorting coke and performing sex act walks free from court. Retrieved September 15, 2018, from https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6087908/boyfriend-whose-girlfriend-jumped-to-her-death-after-he-threatened-to-send-video-of-her-snorting-coke-and-performing-sex-act-walks-free-from-court/

  • Chung, J. (2018). ‘I am going to change your life for the worse’: NY attorney pleads guilty to cyberstalking woman for years. Retrieved September 15, 2018 from, http://gothamist.com/2018/08/23/waldman_cyberstalking.php

  • Couch, D., & Liamputtong, P. (2008). Online dating and mating: The use of the internet to meet sexual partners. Qualitative Health Research, 18(2), 268–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, C. A., Umehira, N., Berbary, C., & Easton, C. J. (2018). Problematic alcohol use as a risk factor for cyber aggression within romantic relationships. The American Journal on Addictions, 27(5), 400–406. 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dank, M., Lachman, P., Zweig, J. M., & Yahner, J. (2014). Dating violence experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(5), 846–857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, N., & Schmidt, C. (2016). Cyberbullying and cyber abuse intervention: The three-tiered model for schools. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 11(3–4), 366–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deans, H., & Bhogal, M. S. (2017). Perpetrating cyber dating abuse: A brief report on the role of aggression, romantic jealousy and gender. Current Psychology, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9715-4.

  • Dick, R. N., McCauley, H. L., Jones, K. A., Tancredi, D. J., Goldstein, S., Blackburn, S., … & Miller, E. (2014). Cyber dating abuse among teens using school-based health centers. Pediatrics, 134(6), e1560–e1567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draucker, C. B., & Martsolf, D. S. (2010). The role of electronic communication technology in adolescent dating violence. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(3), 133–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drouin, M., & Tobin, E. (2014). Unwanted but consensual sexting among young adults: Relations with attachment and sexual motivations. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 412–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drouin, M., Ross, J., & Tobin, E. (2015). Sexting: A new, digital vehicle for intimate partner aggression? Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 197–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duran, R. L., Kelly, L., & Rotaru, T. (2011). Mobile phones in romantic relationships and the dialectic of autonomy versus connection. Communication Quarterly, 59(1), 19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias-Lambert, N., & Black, B. (2012). Love is not abuse (LINA). Journal of Technology in Human Services, 30(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2012.667675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P. (2011). Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(11), 631–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., Linder, F., Rice, J., & Wilcher, R. (2007). Typologies of adolescent dating violence: Identifying typologies of adolescent dating violence perpetration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(5), 298–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foshee, V. A., Benefield, T., Dixon, K. S., Chang, L.-Y., Senkomago, V., Ennett, S. T., … Bowling, J. M. (2015). The effects of moms and teens for safe dates: A dating abuse prevention program for adolescents exposed to domestic violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 995–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0272-6.

  • Fritz, P. A. T., & Piitz, J. (2008). Partner aggression technology scale (PATS). Unpublished measurement instrument, Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, P. A. T., Clark-Crumpton, J., Daskaluk, S., & Wilson, L. (2018). Electronic partner aggression victimization: Its frequency and relation to offline partner aggression and psychological functioning. Partner Abuse, 9(4), 421–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottman, J. M. (1994). What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, S. (2013). The Partner Cyber Abuse Questionnaire: Preliminary psychometrics of technology-based intimate partner violence. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, A. (2018). Distraught lover, 26, left her boyfriend a suicide note saying ‘I love you, sorry’ before jumping to her death after he threatened to ‘destroy’ her by sending revenge porn video of the pair to her family. Retrieved September 15, 2018, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5509569/Distraught-lover-26-left-boyfriend-suicide-note-death.html

  • Kellerman, I., Margolin, G., Borofsky, L. A., Baucom, B. R., & Iturralde, E. (2013). Electronic aggression among emerging adults: Motivations and contextual factors. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813490159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korchmaros, J. D., Ybarra, M. L., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Boyd, D., & Lenhart, A. (2013). Perpetration of teen dating violence in a networked society. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(8), 561–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leisring, P. A., & Giumetti, G. W. (2014). Sticks and stones may break my bones, but abusive text messages also hurt: Development and validation of the cyber psychological abuse (CPA) scale. Partner Abuse, 5(3), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.5.3.323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcum, C. D., Higgins, G. E., & Nicholson, J. (2017). I’m watching you: Cyberstalking behaviors of university students in romantic relationships. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-016-9358-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marganski, A., & Melander, L. (2018). Intimate partner violence victimization in the cyber and real world: Examining the extent of cyber aggression experiences and its association with in-person dating violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(7), 1071–1095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mod, G. (2010). Reading romance: The impact Facebook rituals can have on a romantic relationship. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, 1, 61–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2016a). Sexting, psychological distress and dating violence among adolescents and young adults. Psicothema, 28(2), 137–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2016b). Not-allowed sharing of sexts and dating violence from the perpetrator's perspective: The moderation role of sexism. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 163–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Chirumbolo, A., & Baiocco, R. (2018). The cyber dating violence inventory. Validation of a new scale for online perpetration and victimization among dating partners. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(4), 464–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morey, J. N., Gentzler, A. L., Creasy, B., Oberhauser, A. M., & Westerman, D. (2013). Young adults’ use of communication technology within their romantic relationships and associations with attachment style. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1771–1778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MTV-AP. (2009). 2009 AP-MTV digital abuse study. Retrieved from http://www.athinline.org/MTV-AP_Digital_Abuse_Study_Executive_Summary.pdf.

  • Pereira, F., & Matos, M. (2016). Cyber-stalking victimization: What predicts fear among Portuguese adolescents? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(2), 253–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peskin, M. F., Markham, C. M., Shegog, R., Temple, J. R., Baumler, E. R., Addy, R. C., … & Emery, S. T. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of the perpetration of cyber dating abuse among early adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 358–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picard, P. (2007). Tech abuse in teen relationships study. Chicago: Teen Research Unlimited. Retrieved on October 1, 2017, from http://www.loveisrespect.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/liz-claiborne-2007-tech-relationship-abuse.pdf

  • Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2019). Technology-facilitated sexual violence victimization: Results from an online survey of Australian adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(17), 3637–3665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preddy, T. M. (2018). Assessment and investigation of electronic aggression in the romantic relationships of emerging adults. Doctoral Dissertation Tennessee, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Retrieved from https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3458/

  • Reed, L. A., Tolman, R. M., & Ward, L. M. (2016a). Snooping and sexting: Digital media as a context for dating aggression and abuse among college students. Violence Against Women, 22(13), 1556–1576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216630143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, L. A., Tolman, R. M., Ward, L. M., & Safyer, P. (2016b). Keeping tabs: Attachment anxiety and electronic intrusion in high school dating relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shorey, R. C., Cornelius, T. L., & Strauss, C. (2015). Stalking in college student dating relationships: A descriptive investigation. Journal of Family Violence, 30(7), 935–942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Darden, J. P., Kernsmith, P. D., Victor, B. G., & Lathrop, R. A. (2017). Electronic displays of aggression in teen dating relationships: Does the social ecology matter? Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southworth, C., Dawson, S., Fraser, C., & Tucker, S. (2005). A high-tech twist on abuse: Technology, intimate partner stalking, and advocacy. Violence against women online resources. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from https://www.acesdv.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/NNEDV_HighTechTwist_PaperAndApxA_English08.pdf

  • Spitzberg, B. H., Cupach, W. R., Hannawa, A. F., & Crowley, J. P. (2014). A preliminary test of a relational goal pursuit theory of obsessive relational intrusion and stalking. Studies in Communication Sciences, 14(1), 29–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Temple, J. R., Choi, H. J., Brem, M., Wolford-Clevenger, C., Stuart, G. L., Peskin, M. F., & Elmquist, J. (2016). The temporal association between traditional and cyber dating abuse among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(2), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0380-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M. P., & Morrison, D. J. (2013). Prospective predictors of technology-based sexual coercion by college males. Psychology of Violence, 3(3), 233–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tokunaga, R. S., & Aune, K. S. (2017). Cyber-defense: A taxonomy of tactics for managing cyberstalking. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(10), 1451–1475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515589564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toma, C. L., & Choi, M. (2015). The couple who Facebooks together, stays together: Facebook self-presentation and relationship longevity among college-aged dating couples. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18(7), 367–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Utz, S., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2011). The role of social network sites in romantic relationships: Effects on jealousy and relationship happiness. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16(4), 511–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ouytsel, J., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Temple, J. R. (2016a). Adolescent cyber dating abuse victimization and its associations with substance use, and sexual behaviors. Public Health, 135, 147–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ouytsel, J., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K., & Temple, J. R. (2016b). Digital forms of dating violence: What school nurses need to know. NASN School Nurse, 31(6), 348–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ouytsel, J., Ponnet, K., & Walrave, M. (2017a). Cyber dating abuse: Investigating digital monitoring behaviors among adolescents from a social learning perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 88626051771953. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517719538.

  • Van Ouytsel, J., Torres, E., Choi, H. J., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Temple, J. R. (2017b). The associations between substance use, sexual behaviors, bullying, deviant behaviors, health, and cyber dating abuse perpetration. The Journal of School Nursing, 33(2), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840516683229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, K., & Sleath, E. (2017). A systematic review of the current knowledge regarding revenge pornography and non-consensual sharing of sexually explicit media. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36, 9–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, L. E., Maldonado, R. C., & DiLillo, D. (2018). The cyber aggression in relationships scale: A new multidimensional measure of technology-based intimate partner aggression. Assessment, 25(5), 608–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wekerle, C., & Wolfe, D. A. (1999). Dating violence in mid-adolescence: Theory, significance, and emerging prevention initiatives. Clinical Psychology Review, 19(4), 435–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, W. E., & Carmody, D. (2016). Preventing online victimization: College students’ views on intervention and prevention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(14), 2291–2307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolford-Clevenger, C., Zapor, H., Brasfield, H., Febres, J., Elmquist, J., Brem, M., … & Stuart, G. L. (2016). An examination of the partner cyber abuse questionnaire in a college student sample. Psychology of Violence, 6(1), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039442.

  • Wright, M. F. (2015). Cyber aggression within adolescents’ romantic relationships: Linkages to parental and partner attachment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(1), 37–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Lachman, P., & Yahner, J. (2013a). Technology, teen dating violence and abuse, and bullying. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/23941/412891-Technology-Teen-Dating-Violence-and-Abuse-and-Bullying.PDF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Yahner, J., & Lachman, P. (2013b). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 1063–1077.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zweig, J. M., Lachman, P., Yahner, J., & Dank, M. (2013c). Correlates of cyber dating abuse among teens. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(8), 1306–1321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0047-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Penny A. Leisring .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Leisring, P.A., Farrell, D.M., Scotto, D.M. (2019). Cyber Abuse in Romantic Relationships. In: Geffner, R., White, J.W., Hamberger, L.K., Rosenbaum, A., Vaughan-Eden, V., Vieth, V.I. (eds) Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_164-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_164-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62122-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62122-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics