Abstract
Corporal punishment of children reaches back at least to antiquity. Yet it is not universal. This chapter traces its history from pre-recorded history to the modern era, demonstrating the shifts in norms that have occurred over the centuries. The legal status of corporal punishment around the world is then examined, shedding light on the range of settings in which it occurs. The large body of research literature on corporal punishment’s outcomes is summarized, showing the degree of consistency in findings, as well as what has been learned from children themselves about the experience. Challenges to estimating the prevalence of corporal punishment are described, and standardized international estimates are presented. The chapter ends with a presentation of a range of approaches to its prevention.
This chapter was initially published with an incorrect copyright holder name. It has been corrected to © Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
References
Afifi, T. O., Ford, D., Gershoff, E. T., Merrick, M., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ports, K. A., … & Bennett, R. P. (2017). Spanking and adult mental health impairment: The case for the designation of spanking as an adverse childhood experience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 71, 24–31.
Agrasar. (2018). Choking childhood. School corporal punishment: Everyday violence faced by disadvantaged children in India. Haryana: Author.
Amnesty International. (2019). Executions of juveniles since 1990 as of April 2019. Index: ACT 50/0233/2019.
Ariès, P. (1962). Centuries of childhood. London: Jonathan Cape.
Bavolek, S. J., & Hodnett, K. H. (2012). The nurturing parent programs: Preventing and treating child abuse and neglect. In A. Rubin (Ed.), Programs and intervention for maltreated children and families at risk (pp. 285–294). Hoboken: Wiley.
Brown, R. (2012). Corrective rape in South Africa: A continuing plight despite an international human rights response. Annual Survey of International and Comparative Law, 18, 45–66.
Brown, A. S., Holden, G. W., & Ashraf, R. (2016). Spank, slap, or hit? How labels alter perceptions of child discipline. Psychology of Violence, 8, 1–9.
Bussman, K.-D., Erthal, C., & Schroth, A. (2011). Effects of banning corporal punishment in Europe: A five-nation comparison. In J. Durrant & A. Smith (Eds.), Global pathways to abolishing physical punishment: Realizing children’s rights. New York: Routledge.
Chaffin, M., Silovsky, J. F., Funderburk, B., Valle, L. A., Brestan, E. V., Balachova, T., & Bonner, B. L. (2004). Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: Efficacy for reducing future abuse reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.3.500.
Chavasse, P. Y. (2018). Advice to a mother on the management of her children (Reproduction of the original published 1839). Frankfurt am Main: Outlook Verlag.
Cuartas, J., McCoy, D. C., Rey-Guerra, C., Britto, P. R., Beatriz, E., & Alhi, C. (2019). Early childhood exposure to non-violent discipline and physical and psychological aggression in low- and middle-income countries: National, regional, and global prevalence estimates. Child Abuse & Neglect, 92, 93–105.
Diamond, J. (2012). The world until yesterday: What can we learn from traditional societies? New York: Viking.
Dobbs, T. A., Smith, A. B., & Taylor, N. J. (2006). No, we don’t get a say, children just suffer the consequences: Children talk about family discipline. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 14, 137–156.
Durrant, J. E. (2019). Corporal punishment and the law in global perspective. In J. G. Dwyer (Ed.), Oxford handbook of children and the law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190694395.013.15.
Durrant, J. E., & Ensom, R. (2017). Twenty-five years of physical punishment research: What have we learned? Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 20–24. https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.2017.28.1.20.
Durrant, J. E., Plateau, D. P., Ateah, C., Holden, G., Barker, L., Stewart-Tufescu, A., Jones, A., Ly, G., & Ahmed, R. (2017). Parents’ views of the relevance of a violence prevention program in high, medium, and low human development contexts. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41, 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416687415.
Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (2005). Explaining corporal punishment of children: A cross-cultural study. American Anthropologist, 107, 609–619.
Flegel, M. (2009). Conceptualizing cruelty to children in nineteenth-century England: Literature, representation, and the NSPCC. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
Fortson, B. L., Klevens, J., Merrick, M. T., Gilbert, L. K., & Alexander, S. P. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved at http://www.cdc.gov.uml.idm.oclc.org/violenceprevention/childmaltreatment/index.html.
Gangoli, G., Chantler, K., Hester, M., & Singleton, A. (2011). Understanding forced marriage: Definitions and realities. In A. K. Gill & S. Anitha (Eds.), Forced marriage: Introducing a social justice and human rights perspective. London: Zed Books.
Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579.
Gershoff, E. T. (2016). Should parents’ physical punishment of children be considered a source of toxic stress that affects brain development? Family Relations, 65, 151–162.
Gershoff, E. T., & Font, S. A. (2016). Corporal punishment in U.S. public schools: Prevalence, disparities in use, and status in state and federal policy. Society for Research in Child Development. Social Policy Report, 30(1).
Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 453–469.
Gershoff, E. T., Font, S. A., Taylor, C. A., Foster, R. H., Garza, A. B., Olson-Dorff, D., & Foster, R. H. (2017a). A short-term evaluation of a hospital no hit zone policy to increase bystander intervention in cases of parent-to-child violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 155–162.
Gershoff, E. T., Lee, S. J., & Durrant, J. E. (2017b). Promising intervention strategies to reduce parents’ use of physical punishment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 71, 9–23.
Geshoff, E. T., Purtell, K. M., & Holas, I. (2015). Corporal punishment in U.S. Public Schools: Legal precedents, current practices, and future policy. New York: Springer.
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2012). Ending legalized violence against children: Prohibiting and eliminating corporal punishment in all alternative care and day care settings. London: Author and Save the Children Sweden.
Gouge, W. (1622). Of domesticall duties: Eight treatises. London: John Haviland, for William Bladen.
Gray, P. (2009). Play as a foundation for hunter-gatherer social existence. American Journal of Play, 1, 476–522.
Griffiths, J. (2015). A country called childhood: Children and the exuberant world. Berkeley: Counterpoint Press.
Holden, G. W., Williamson, P. A., & Holland, G. W. O. (2014). Eavesdropping on the family: A pilot investigation of corporal punishment in the home. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 401–406.
Holland, G. W. O., & Holden, G. W. (2016). Changing orientations to corporal punishment: A randomized control trial of the efficacy of a motivational approach to psycho-education. Psychology of Violence, 6, 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039606.
Howard, K. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). The role of home-visiting programs in preventing child abuse and neglect. The Future of Children, 19, 119–146. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0032.
Hulbert, A. B., & Schwartze, W. N. (1910). David Zeisberger’s history of the Northern American Indians. Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society.
Human Rights Watch. (2008). Coercion and intimidation of child soldiers to participate in violence. Retrieved at https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/04/16/coercion-and-intimidation-child-soldiers-participate-violence
Human Rights Watch and American Civil Liberties Union. (2009). Impairing education: Corporal punishment of students with disabilities in US public schools. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Jaffee, S. R., & Christian, C. W. (2014). The biological embedding of child abuse and neglect: Implications for policy and practice. Society for Research in Child Development Social Policy Report, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2014.tb00078.x.
Knox, M., Burkhart, K., & Cromly, A. (2013). Supporting positive parenting in community health centers: The ACT raising safe kids program. Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21543.
Korteweg, A. C. (2012). Understanding honour killing and honour-related violence in the immigration context: Implications for the legal profession and beyond. Canadian Criminal Law Review, 16, 135–160.
Lansford, J. E., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Runyan, D. K., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Triado, L. M. U., & Zelli, A. (2010). Corporal punishment of children in nine countries as a function of child gender and parent gender. International Journal of Pediatrics, on-line, 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/672780.
Locke, J. (1693). Some thoughts concerning education. London: A and J Churchill.
Malcolm, M., Diwakar, V., & Naufal, G. (2017). Child discipline in times of conflict. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10936. Bonn, Germany, IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
Moore, K. M. (1974). The dilemma of corporal punishment at Harvard College. History of Education Quarterly, 14, 335–346.
Mowat, F. (1952). People of the deer. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.
Muir, J. (2017). Selected writings. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Park, A. S. J. (2006). ‘Other inhumane acts’: Forced marriage, girl soldiers and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Social & Legal Studies, 15, 315–337.
Parsons, B. (2015). The way of the rod: The functions of beating in late medieval pedagogy. Modern Philology, 113, 1–26.
Pleck, E. (1987). Domestic tyranny: The making of American social policy against family violence from colonial times to the present. New York: Oxford University Press.
Portela, M. J. O., & Pells, K. (2015). Corporal punishment in schools: Longitudinal evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam. Innocenti Discussion Paper No. 2015–02. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Office of Research.
Rousseau, J. J. (2013). Emile. Mineola: Dover.
Runyan, D. K., Shankar, V., Hassan, F., Hunter, W. M., Jain, D., Paula, C. S., … & Bordin, I. A. (2010). International variations in harsh child discipline. Pediatrics. Published online Aug. 2. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2374.
Samoon, A. A., Hussanzai, Y., Aqdas, R., & Hakamy, P. (2011). Learning without fear: A violence free school project manual. Berlin: Federal Republic of Germany Foreign Office and Save the Children.
Saunders, B. J., & Goddard, C. (2008). Some Australian children’s perceptions of physical punishment in childhood. Children & Society, 22, 405–417.
Sheu, Y. S., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2010). Harsh corporal punishment is associated with increased T2 relaxation time in dopamine-rich regions. NeuroImage, 53, 412–419.
Society for Adolescent Medicine. (2003). Position paper: Corporal punishment in schools. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 385–388.
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-Child conflict tactics scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 249–270.
Straus, M. A., Douglas, E. M., & Medeiros, R. S. (2014). The primordial violence : Spanking children, psychological development, violence, and crime. New York: Routledge.
Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016). The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Review Neuroscience, 17, 652–666.
Tomoda, A., Suzuki, H., Rabi, K., Sheu, Y. S., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2009). Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment. NeuroImage, 47(Suppl 2), T66–T71.
UNICEF. (2017). A familiar face: Violence in the lives of children and adolescents. New York: Author.
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2006). General comment No. 8: The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment. CRC/C/GG/8. Retrieved at http://www.refworld.org/docid/460bc7772.html
United Nations General Assembly. (1989). Adoption of the convention on the rights of the child. New York: Author.
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2018). “I lost my dignity”: Sexual and gender-based violence in the Syrian Arab Republic. A/HRC/37/CRP.3. Retrieved at https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-37-CRP-3.pdf
Ward, G., Petersen, N., Kupchik, A., & Pratt, J. (2019). Historic lynching and corporal punishment in contemporary Southern schools. Social Problems, 0, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spz044.
Waugh, B. (1892). Punishments. The Children’s Guardian, 6, 94.
Wheeler, S. M., Williams, L., Beauchesne, P., & Dupras, T. L. (2013). Shattered lives and broken childhoods: Evidence of physical child abuse in ancient Egypt. International Journal of Paleopathology, 3, 71–82.
Willow, C., & Hyder, T. (1998). It hurts you inside: Children talking about smacking. London, UK: National Children’s Bureau and Save the Children UK.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Durrant, J.E. (2020). Corporal Punishment: From Ancient History to Global Progress. In: Geffner, R., White, J.W., Hamberger, L.K., Rosenbaum, A., Vaughan-Eden, V., Vieth, V.I. (eds) Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_13-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_13-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62122-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62122-7
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences