Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Allergy and Asthma

  • 167 Accesses

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease, affecting up to 10% of the population at some time. Symptoms alone do not define the disease; objective evidence of inflammation by nasal endoscopy and/or sinus CT scan is also required. In the USA alone, the estimated annual direct and indirect costs exceed $30 billion. There are two subtypes, depending upon whether nasal polyps (NP) are present: CRSw(with)NP and CRSs(without)NP. A variety of risk factors and comorbidities have been described; in most cases, an aeroallergen evaluation should be performed, and, in recalcitrant cases, an immunodeficiency evaluation should be considered. The pathogenesis is unclear; a variety of factors have been implicated as contributory. They include impaired antimicrobial responses, ciliary abnormalities, epithelial dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, autoantibodies, and S. aureus enterotoxins acting as allergens and/or superantigens. Maximal medical therapy, often including corticosteroids, antibiotics, and saline irrigations, is the initial treatment. Only those who fail are considered for surgical treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adappa ND, Farquhar D, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Doghramji L, Morris SA, Owens D, Mansfield C, Lysenko A, Lee RJ, Cowart BJ, Reed DR, Cohen NA. TAS2R38 genotype predicts surgical outcome in nonpolypoid chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6:783–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alt JA, Mace JC, Smith TL, Soler ZM. Endoscopic sinus surgery improves cognitive function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6:1264–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alt JA, Ramakrishnan VR, Platt MP, Kohli P, Storck KA, Schlosser RJ, Soler ZM. Sleep quality outcomes after medical and surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017;7:113–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bachert C, Zhang N. Chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma: novel understanding of the role of IgE ‘above atopy’. J Intern Med. 2012;272:133–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bachert C, Pawankar R, Zhang L, Bunnag C, Fokkens WJ, Hamilos DL, Jirapongsananruk O, Kern R, Meltzer EO, Mullol J, Naclerio R, Pilan R, Rhee CS, Suzaki H, Voegels R, Blais M. ICON: chronic rhinosinusitis. World Allergy Organ J. 2014;7:25–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bachert C, Zhang L, Gevaert P. Current and future treatment options for adult chronic rhinosinusitis: focus on nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:1431–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benninger MS, Sindwani R, Holy CE, Hopkins C. Early versus delayed endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: impact on health care utilization. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;152:546–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya N, Orlando RR, Grebner J, Martinson M. Cost burden of chronic rhinosinusitis: a claims-based study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;114:440–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfils P, Malinvaud D. Influence of allergy in patients with nasal polyposis after endoscopic sinus surgery. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008;128:186–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bose S, Grammer LC, Peters AT. Infectious chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:584–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brook I. Microbiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35:1059–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campanini A, Marani M, Mastroianni A, Cancellieri C, Vicini C. Human immunodeficiency virus infection: personal experiences in changes in head and neck manifestations due to recent antiretroviral therapies. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2005;25:30–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr TF, Koterba AP, Chandra R, Grammer LC, Conley DB, Harris KE, Kern R, Schleimer RP, Peters AT. Characterization of specific antibody deficiency in adults with medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25:241–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra RK, Kern RC, Cutler JL, Welch KC, Russell PT. REMODEL larger cohort with long-term outcomes and meta-analysis of standalone balloon dilation studies. Laryngoscope. 2016;126:44–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapurin N, Pynnonen MA, Roberts R, Schulz K, Shin JJ, Witsell DL, Parham K, Langman A, Cerpenter D, Vambutas A, Nguyen-Huynh A, Wolfley A, Lee WT. CHEER national study of chronic rhinosinusitis practice patterns: disease comorbidities and factors associated with surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;156:751–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen B, Shaari J, Claire SE, Palmer JN, Chiu AG, Kennedy DW, Cohen NA. Altered sinonasal ciliary dynamics in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20:325–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiarella SE, Grammer LC. Immune deficiency in chronic rhinosinusitis: screening and treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13:117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiarella SE, Hendrick S, Peters AT. Monoclonal antibody therapy in sinonasal disease. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2017;31:93–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AG. Intranasal steroids versus placebo or no intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016a;4:CDC011996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Glew S, Scadding G, Burton MJ, Schilder AG. Saline irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016b;4:CDC011995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen NA. The genetics of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in upper airway innate immunity and implications for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:44–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham-Rundles C, Bodian C. Common variable immunodeficiency: clinical and immunologic features of 248 patients. Clin Immunol. 1999;92:34–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dautremont JF, Rudmik L. When are we operating for chronic rhinosinusitis? A major systematic review of maximal medical therapy protocols prior to endoscopic sinus surgery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5:1095–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeConde AS, Soler ZM. Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and burden of disease. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2016;30:134–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeConde AS, Mace JC, Levy JM, Rudmik L, Alt JA, Smith TL. Prevalence of polyp recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:550–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fetta M, Tsilis NS, Segas JV, Nikolopoulos TP, Vlastarakos PV. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery improves the quality of life in children suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;100: 145–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, Bachert C, Alobid I, Baroody F, Cohen N, Cervin A, Douglas R, Gevaert P, Georgalas C, Goossens H, Harvey R, Hellings P, Hopkins C, Jones N, Joos G, Kalogjera L, Kern R, Kowalski M, Price D, Riechelmann H, Schlosser R, Senior B, Thomas M, Toskala E, Voegels R, de Wang Y, Wormald PJ. EPOS 2012: Europena position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. Rhinol Suppl. 2012;23:1–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo S, Grossi S, Montrasio G, Binelli G, Cinquetti R, Simmen D, Castelnuovo P, Campomenosi P. TAS2R38 taste receptor gene and chronic rhinosinusitis: new data from an Italian population. BMC Med Genet. 2016;17:54–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, Cuvelier C, Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Organization of secondary lymphoid tissue and local IgE formation to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in nasal polyp tissue. Allergy. 2005;60:71–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halderman A, Lane AP. Genetic and immune dysregulation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2017;50:13–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilos DL. Host-microbial interactions in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:640–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Head K, Chong LY, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AG, Burton MJ. Short-course steroids as an adjunct therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016a;4:CDC011992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Head K, Chong LY, Piromchai P, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AG, Burton MJ. Systemic and topical antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016b;4:CDC099112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellings PW, Fokkens WJ, Bachert C, Akdis CA, Bieber T, Agache I, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Canonica GW, Gevaert P, Joos G, Lund V, Muraro A, Onerci M, Zuberbier T, Pugin B, Seys SF. Positioning the principles of precision medicine in care pathways for allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis-A EUFOREA-ARAI-EPOS-AIRWAYS ICP statement. Allergy. 2017;72:1297–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins C, Rudmik L, Lund VJ. The predictive value of the preoperative Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 in patients undergoing sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2015;125:1779–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu J, Avila PC, Kern RC, Hayes MG, Schleimer RP, Pinto JM. Genetics of chronic rhinosinusitis; state of the field and directions forward. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131:977–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hulse KE, Stevens WW, Tan BK, Schleimer RP. Pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:328–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffery Modell Foundation. Primary Immunodeficiency Resource Center. 2012. http://www.jmfworld.com

  • Kaplan A. Canadian guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis. Can Fam Physician. 2013;59:1275–81.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani S, Carr TF, Grammer LC, Schleimer RP, Hulse KE, Kato A, Kern RC, Conley DB, Chandra RK, Tan BK, Peters AT. Clinical characteristics of adults with chronic rhinosinusitis and specific antibody deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3:236–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keswani A, Dunn NM, Manzur A, Kashani S, Bossuyt X, Grammer LC, Conley DB, Tan BK, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Peters AT. The clinical significance of specific antibody deficiency (SAD) severity in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5:1105–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DW, Cho SH. Emerging endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis and its application to precision medicine. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017;9:299–306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kohli P, Naik AN, Farhood Z, Ong AA, Nguyen SA, Soler ZM, Schlosser RJ. Olfactory outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;155:936–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovell LC, Wang J, Ishman SL, Zeitlin PL, Boss EF. Cystic fibrosis and sinusitis in children: outcomes and socioeconomic status. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:146–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski ML, Wardzynska A, Makowska JS. Clinical trials of aspirin treatment after desensitization in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2016;36:705–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RJ, Cohen NA. Role of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in upper respiratory infection and chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15:14–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RU, White AA, Ding D, Dursun AB, Woessner KM, Simon RA, Stevenson DD. Use of intranasal ketorolac and modified oral aspirin challenge for desensitization of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:130–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee TJ, Fu CH, Wang CH, Huang CC, Huang CC, Change PH, Chen YW, Wu CC, Wu CL, Kuo P. Impact of chronic rhinosinusitis on severe asthma patients. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0171047.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leung PM, Chandra RK, Kern RC, Conley DB, Tan BK. Primary care and upfront computed tomography scanning in the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis: a cost-based decision analysis. Laryngoscope. 2014;124:12–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy JM, Rudmik L, Peters AT, Wise SK, Rotenberg BW, Smith TL. Contemporary management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease: an evidence-based review with recommendations. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6:1273–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lobo BC, Ting JY, Tan BK. Cost efficiency workup and management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis- challenges and unmet needs. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2015;3:94–100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mahdavinia M, Grammer LC. Chronic sinusitis and age: is the pathogenesis different? Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2013;11:1029–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marple B, Newcomer M, Schwade N, Mabry R. Natural history of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis: a 4 to 10 year follow-up. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;127:361–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshak T, Rivlin Y, Bentur L, Ronen O, Uri N. Prevalence of rhinosinusitis among atypical cystic fibrosis patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268:519–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mfuna Endam L, Filali-Mouhim A, Boisvert P, Boulet LP, Bosse Y, Desrosiers M. Genetic variation in taste receptors are associated with chronic rhinosinusitis: a replication study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014;4:200–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miljkovic D, Bassiouni A, Cooksley C, Ou J, Hauben E, Wormald PJ, Vreugde S. Association between group 2 innate lymphoid cells enrichment, nasal polyps and allergy in chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy. 2014;69:1154–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orlandi RR, Smith TL, Marple BF, Harvey RJ, Hwang PH, Kern RC, Kingdom TT, Luong A, Rudmik L, Senior BA, Toskala E, Kennedy DW. Update on evidence-based reviews with recommendation in adult chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014;4(Suppl 1):S1–S15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel ZM, Thamboo A, Rudmik L, Nayak JV, Smith TL, Hwang PH. Surgical therapy vs continued medical therapy for medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017;7:119–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez E, Bonilla FA, Orange JS, Ballow M. Specific antibody deficiency: controversies in diagnosis and management. Front Immunol. 2017;8:586–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peters AT, Spector S, Hsu J, Hamilos DL, Baroody FM, Chandr RK, Grammer LC, Kennedy DW, Cohen NA, Kaliner MA, Wald ER, Karagianis A, Slavin RG. Diagnosis and management of rhinosinusitis: a practice parameter update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113:347–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips KM, Hoehle L, Bergmark RW, Caradonna DS, Gray ST, Sedaghat AR. Reversal of smoking effects on chronic rhinosinusitis after smoking cessation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157(4):737. EPub ahead of print.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Psaltis AJ, Wormald PJ. Therapy of sinonasal microbiome in CRS: a critical approach. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17:59–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Psaltis AJ, Wormald PJ, Ha KR, Tan LW. Reduced levels of lactoferrin in biofilm-associated chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:895–901.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purcell PL, Beck S, Davis GE. The impact of endoscopic sinus surgery on total direct healthcare costs among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5:498–505.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ramadan HH, Fornelli R, Ortiz AO, Rodman S. Correlation of allergy and severity of sinus disease. Am J Rhinol. 1999;13:345–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rugina M, Serrano E, Klossek JM, Crampette L, Stoll D, Bebear JP, Perrahia M, Rouvier P, Peynegre R. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of nasal polyposis in France; the ORLI group experience. Rhinology. 2002;40:75–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scadding GK, Durham SR, Mirakian R, Jones NS, Drake-Lee AB, Ryan D, Dixon TA, Huber PA, Nasser SM, British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. BSACI guidelines for the management of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38:260–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schleimer RP. Immunopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis. 2017;12:331–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott JR, Ernst HM, Rotenberg BW, Rudmik L, Sowerby LJ. Oral corticosteroid prescribing habits for rhinosinusitis: the American Rhinologic society membership. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2017;31:22–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seiberling KA, Grammer L, Kern RC. Chronic rhinosinusitis and superantigens. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2005;38:1215–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TL, Kern R, Palmer JN, Schlosser R, Chandra RK, Chiu AG, Conley D, Mace JC, Fu RF, Stankiewicz J. Medical therapy vs surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, multi-institutional study with 1-year follow-up. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3:4–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith KA, Orlandi RR, Rudmik L. Cost of adult chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2015;125:1547–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaresan AS, Hirsch AG, Storm M, Tan BK, Kennedy TL, Greene JS, Kern RC, Schwartz BS. Occupational and environmental risk factors for chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5:996–1003.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takabayashi T, Kato A, Peters AT, Hulse KE, Suh LA, Carter R, Norton J, Grammer LC, Cho SH, Tan BK, Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC, Fujieda S, Schleimer RP. Excessive fibrin deposition in nasal polyps caused by fibrinolytic impairment through reduction of tissue plasminogen activator expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:49–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tan BK, Li QZ, Suh L, Kato A, Conley DB, Chandra RK, Zhou J, Norton J, Carter R, Hinchcliff M, Harris K, Peters A, Grammer LC, Kern RC, Mohan C, Schleimer RP. Evidence for intranasal antinuclear autoantibodies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:1198–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tan BK, Chandra RK, Pollak J, Kato A, Conley DB, Peters AT, Grammer LC, Avila PC, Kern RC, Stewart WF, Schleimer RP, Schwartz BS. Incidence and associated premorbid diagnoses of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131:1350–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tan BK, Klinger A, Poposki JA, Stevens WW, Peters AT, Suh LA, Norton J, Carter RG, Hulse KE, Harris KE, Grammer LC, Schleimer RP, Welch KC, Smith SS, Conley DB, Kern RC, Kato A. Heterogeneous inflammatory patterns in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps in Chicago, Illinois. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:699–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tepper SJ. New thoughts on sinus headache. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2004;25:95–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tieu DD, Peters AT, Carter RG, Suh L, Conley DB, Chandra R, Norton J, Grammer LC, Harris KE, Kato A, Kern RC, Schleimer RP. Evidence for diminished levels of epithelial psoriasin and calprotectin in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:667–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tomazic PV, Stammberger H, Braun H, Habermann W, Schmid C, Hammer GP, Koele W. Feasibility of balloon sinuplasty in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: the Graz experience. Rhinology. 2013;51:120–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Lancker JA, Yarnold PA, Ditto AM, Tripathi A, Conley DB, Kern RC, Harris KE, Grammer LC. Aeroallergen hypersensitivity: comparing patients with nasal polyps to those with allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2005;26:109–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veloso-Teles R, Cerejeira R. Endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: clinical outcome and predictive factors of recurrence. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2017;31:56–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh JE, Gurrola JG 2nd, Graham SM, Mott SL, Ballas ZK. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy reduces chronic rhinosinusitis in patients with antibody deficiency. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017;7:30–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang N, Van Crombruggen K, Bachert C. Barrier function of the nasal mucosa in health and type-2 biased airway diseases. Allergy. 2016;71:295–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Gevaert E, Lou H, Wang X, Zhang L, Bachert C, Zhang N. Chronic rhinosinusitis in Asia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:1230–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao YC, Wormald PJ. Biofilm and osteitis in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2017;50:49–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao YC, Bassiouni A, Tanjararak K, Vreugde S, Wormald PJ, Psaltis AJ. Role of fungi in chronic rhinosinusitis through ITS sequencing. Laryngoscope. 2017;128(1):16. [Epub ahead of print].

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Leslie C. Grammer

Authors
  1. Leslie C. Grammer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leslie C. Grammer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Penn State University Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA

    Timothy Craig

  2. Suite 502, Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Suite 502, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Dennis K. Ledford

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Massoud Mahmoudi DO, Ph.D.

  2. Division of Allergy & Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, James A Haley Veterans' Hospital, Asthma and Immunology Associates of Tampa Bay, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Dennis K. Ledford

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Grammer, L.C. (2018). Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis. In: Craig, T., Ledford, D. (eds) Allergy and Asthma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_7-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_7-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58726-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58726-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation