Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Allergy Skin Testing

  • Living reference work entry
  • Latest version View entry history
  • First Online:
Allergy and Asthma

  • 327 Accesses

Abstract

Allergy skin testing dates back to the late 1800s. Since then there has been advancement in technique and results using updated devices. This chapter will discuss the history of allergen skin testing, focusing mainly on IgE-mediated allergy, and review when best to test the patient, along with what may interfere with interpretation and with discussing possible side effects from testing and alternative tests. Later in the chapter, other modes of skin tests will be discussed including discussion for patch testing for contact dermatitis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adkinson NF, Bochner B, Burks W, et al. Middleton’s allergy: principles and practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby. 2014;p. 1119–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anveden I, Lindberg M, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Isaksson M, Liden C, et al. Oral prednisone suppresses allergic but not irritant patch test reactions in individuals hypersensitive to nickel. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;50(5):298–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagg A, Chacko T, Lockey R. Reactions to prick and intradermal skin tests. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;102(5):400–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballmer-Weber BK, Vieths S, Luttkopf D, Heuschmann P, Wuthrich B. Celery allergy confirmed by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge: a clinical study in 32 subjects with a history of adverse reactions to celery root. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(2):373–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballmer-Weber BK, Wuthrich B, Wangorsch A, Fotisch K, Altmann F, Vieths S. Carrot allergy: double-blinded, placebo-controlled food challenge and identification of allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(2):301–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbaud A. Drug patch testing in systemic cutaneous drug allergy. Toxicology. 2005;209(2):209–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belsito DV. Patch testing with a standard allergen (“screening”) tray: rewards and risks. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(3):231–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein DI, Wanner M, Borish L, Liss GM, Immunotherapy Committee AAoAA, Immunology. Twelve-year survey of fatal reactions to allergen injections and skin testing: 1990–2001. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(6):1129–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein L, et al. Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100(3):S3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bieber T, Leung DY. Atopic dermatitis. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blackley CH. Experimental researches on the causes and nature of Catarrhus Aestivus. London: Balliere; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock SA, Buckley J, Holst A, May CD. Proper use of skin tests with food extracts in diagnosis of hypersensitivity to food in children. Clin Allergy. 1977;7(4):375–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolhaar ST, van de Weg WE, van Ree R, Gonzalez-Mancebo E, Zuidmeer L, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, et al. In vivo assessment with prick-to-prick testing and double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge of allergenicity of apple cultivars. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(5):1080–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bordignon V, Burastero SE. Age, gender and reactivity to allergens independently influence skin reactivity to histamine. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(2):129–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet J, Michel F-B. In vitro methods for study of allergy. Skin tests, techniques and interpretation. In: Middleton Jr E, Reed CE, Elliis EF, editors. Principles and practice in allergy: in vivo methods of study of allergy. Skin and mucosal tests, techniques and interpretation. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1993. p. 573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breiteneder H, Ebner C. Molecular and biochemical classification of plant-derived food allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(1 Pt 1):27–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Britton JE, Wilkinson SM, English JS, Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Sansom JE, et al. The British standard series of contact dermatitis allergens: validation in clinical practice and value for clinical governance. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(2):259–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr WW, Martin B, Howard RS, Cox L, Borish L, Immunotherapy Committee of the American Academy of Allergy A, et al. Comparison of test devices for skin prick testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(2): 341–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celedon JC, Sredl D, Weiss ST, Pisarski M, Wakefield D, Cloutier M. Ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in Connecticut. Chest. 2004;125(1):85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chikazawa S, Hashimoto T, Kobayashi Y, Satoh T. Fish-collagen allergy: a pitfall of the prick-to-prick test with raw fish. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(5):1330–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chirac A, Bousquet J, Demoly P. In vivo methods for the study and diagnosis of allergy. In: Adkinson NF, Bochner B, Burks W, et al. Middleton’s Allergy: Principles and Practice, 8th edn. Mosby, Philadelphia, 2014;pp 1119–1134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciccarelli A, Calabro C, Imperatore C, Scala G. Prick by prick induced anaphylaxis in a patient with peanuts and lupine allergy: awareness of risks and role of component resolved diagnosis. Case Rep Med. 2014;2014:892394.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clark SC, Zirwas MJ. Management of occupational dermatitis. Dermatol Clin. 2009;27(3):365–83, vii–viii

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Codreanu F, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Morisset M, Guénard L, Rancé F, Kanny G, Lemerdy P. The risk of systemic reactions to skin prick-tests using food allergens: CICBAA data and literature review. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;38(2):52–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen DE, Brancaccio R, Andersen D, Belsito DV. Utility of a standard allergen series alone in the evaluation of allergic contact dermatitis: a retrospective study of 732 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(6 Pt 1): 914–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coop CA, Schapira RS, Freeman TM. Are ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers dangerous in patients at risk for anaphylaxis? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(5): 1207–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corren J, Shapiro G, Reimann J, Deniz Y, Wong D, Adelman D, et al. Allergen skin tests and free IgE levels during reduction and cessation of omalizumab therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(2):506–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, et al. Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101(6):580–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crobach MJ, Hermans J, Kaptein AA, Ridderikhoff J, Petri H, Mulder JD. The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis: how to combine the medical history with the results of radioallergosorbent tests and skin prick tests. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1998;16(1):30–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin E. Comparison of Al-test and Finn chamber. Contact Dermatitis. 1978;4(5):301–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czarnecka-Operacz M, Jenerowicz D, Silny W. Oral allergy syndrome in patients with airborne pollen allergy treated with specific immunotherapy. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2008;16(1):19–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawe SA, White IR, Rycroft RJ, Basketter DA, McFadden JP. Active sensitization to para-phenylenediamine and its relevance: a 10-year review. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51(2):96–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demoly P, Piette V, Bousquet J. In vivo methods for study of allergy: skin tests, techniques and interpretation. In: Adkinson Jr NF, Yunginger JW, Busse WW, et al., editors. Allergy: principles and practice. 6th ed. New York: Mosby; 2003. p. 631–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreborg S, Foucard T. Allergy to apple, carrot and potato in children with birch pollen allergy. Allergy. 1983;38(3): 167–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreborg S, Backman A, Basomba A, et al. Skin tests used in type I allergy testing. Position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy. 1989;44:1–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte I, Lazzarini R, Bedrikow R. Excited skin syndrome: study of 39 patients. Am J Contact Dermat. 2002;13(2):59–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebner C, Hirschwehr R, Bauer L, Breiteneder H, Valenta R, Ebner H, et al. Identification of allergens in fruits and vegetables: IgE cross-reactivities with the important birch pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Bet v 2 (birch profilin). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95(5 Pt 1):962–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma-summary report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:S94–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Farage M, Maibach HI. The vulvar epithelium differs from the skin: implications for cutaneous testing to address topical vulvar exposures. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51(4):201–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Father S, Rekkerth DJ, Hadley JA. Skin prick/puncture testing in North America: a call for standards and consistency. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2014;10: 44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer Á, Huertas ÁJ, Larramendi CH, et al. Usefulness of manufactured tomato extracts in the diagnosis of tomato sensitization: comparison with the prick-prick method. Clin Mol Allergy. 2008;6:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-7961-6-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer T, Maibach HI. Patch testing in allergic contact dermatitis in exogenous dermatoses. In: Menne T, Maibach HI, editors. Environmental dermatitis. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1991. p. 94–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher AA. Contact dermatitis. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonacier LS, Sher JM. Allergic contact dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(1):9–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fonacier L, Bernstein DI, Pacheco K, Holness DL, Blessing-Moore J, Khan D, et al. Contact dermatitis: a practice parameter-update 2015. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(Suppl 3):S1–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JF Jr, Maibach HI, Zirwas M, Taylor JS, Dekoven JG, Sasseville D, et al. Effects of immunomodulatory agents on patch testing: expert opinion 2012. Dermatitis. 2012;23(6):301–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fregert S, Hjorth N, Magnusson B, et al. Epidemiology of contact dermatitis. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc. 1984;55:17–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung IN, Kim HL. Skin prick testing in patients using beta-blockers: a retrospective analysis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2010;6(1):2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Giusti F, Seidenari S. Patch testing with egg represents a useful integration to diagnosis of egg allergy in children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(2): 109–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goh CL. Comparative study of TRUE test and Finn chamber patch test techniques in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1992;27(2):84–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg A, Confino-Cohen R. Timing of venom skin tests and IgE determinations after insect sting anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100(2):182–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gradman J, Wolthers OD. Suppressive effects of topical mometasone furoate and tacrolimus on skin prick testing in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25(2):269–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gungor A, Houser SM, Aquino BF, Akbar I, Moinuddin R, Mamikoglu B, et al. A comparison of skin endpoint titration and skin-prick testing in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2004;83(1):54–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haktanir Abul M, Orhan F. Anaphylaxis after prick-to-prick test with fish. Pediatr Int. 2016;58(6):503–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton RG. Clinical laboratory assessment of immediate-type hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2 Suppl 2):S284–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton RG, Adkinson NF Jr. 23. Clinical laboratory assessment of IgE-dependent hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(Suppl 2):S687–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanifin JM, Reed ML, Eczema P, Impact Working G. A population-based survey of eczema prevalence in the United States. Dermatitis. 2007;18(2):82–91. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-skin-testing-for-allergic-disease

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannuksela M, Salo H. The repeated open application test (ROAT). Contact Dermatitis. 1986;14(4):221–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heffner KL, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R, Malarkey WB, Marshall GD. Stress and anxiety effects on positive skin test responses in young adults with allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(1):13–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Isik SR, Celikel S, Karakaya G, Ulug B, Kalyoncu AF. The effects of antidepressants on the results of skin prick tests used in the diagnosis of allergic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011;154(1):63–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jadassohn J. Excerpts from classics in allergy. Columbus: Ross Laboratories; 1969. p. 26–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • James JM, Simons FE. Allergy skin testing: comparison of conventional and new techniques. Can Med Assoc J. 1979;120(3):330–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jirapongsananuruk O, Sripramong C, Pacharn P, Udompunturak S, Chinratanapisit S, Piboonpocanun S, et al. Specific allergy to Penaeus monodon (seawater shrimp) or Macrobrachium rosenbergii (freshwater shrimp) in shrimp-allergic children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(6):1038–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph CL, Ownby DR, Peterson EL, Johnson CC. Racial differences in physiologic parameters related to asthma among middle-class children. Chest. 2000;117(5): 1336–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaffenberger TM, Dedhia RC, Schwarzbach HL, Mady LJ, Lee SE. Comparative effectiveness of allergy testing method in driving immunotherapy outcomes. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018;8(5):563–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalogeromitros D, Katsarou A, Armenaka M, Rigopoulos D, Zapanti M, Stratigos I. Influence of the menstrual cycle on skin-prick test reactions to histamine, morphine and allergen. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995;25(5):461–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King HC, Mabry RL, Mabry CS, Gordon BR, Marple BF. Interaction with the patient. In: Allergy in ENT practice: the basic guide. 2nd ed. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 2005. p. 67–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmaz C, Yuksel H, Mete N, Bayrak P, Baytur YB. Is the menstrual cycle affecting the skin prick test reactivity? Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2004;22(4):197–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowal K, DuBuske L (ed). Overview of skin testing for allergic diseases. Resource document. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-skin-testing-for-allergic-disease. 2016; Accessed 28 Jan 2018.

  • Kowal K, DuBuske L. Overview of skin testing for allergic diseases. UpToDate. 2018; from.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krouse JH, Sadrazodi K, Kerswill K. Sensitivity and specificity of prick and intradermal testing in predicting response to nasal provocation with timothy grass antigen. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131(3):215–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupczyk M, Kuprys I, Bochenska-Marciniak M, Gorski P, Kuna P. Ranitidine (150 mg daily) inhibits wheal, flare, and itching reactions in skin-prick tests. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28(6):711–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le TM, Fritsche P, Bublin M, Oberhuber C, Bulley S, van Hoffen E, et al. Differences in the allergenicity of 6 different kiwifruit cultivars analyzed by prick-to-prick testing, open food challenges, and ELISA. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(3):677–9.e1–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis T, Grant RT. Vascular reactions of the skin to injury. Notes on the anaphylactic skin reaction. Heart. 1927;24:219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang KL, Su MC, Jiang RS. Comparison of the skin test and ImmunoCAP system in the evaluation of mold allergy. J Chin Med Assoc. 2006;69(1):3–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, Oppenheimer J, Bernstein D, Bernstein J, et al. Anaphylaxis–a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(5):341–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin SY, Mabry RL. Allergy practice in the academic otolaryngology setting: results of a comprehensive survey. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(1):25–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston MG, Livingston HM. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. An update on drug interactions. Drug Saf. 1996;14(4):219–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lockey RF, Benedict LM, Turkeltaub PC, Bukantz SC. Fatalities from immunotherapy (IT) and skin testing (ST). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987;79(4):660–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lockey RF, Nicoara-Kasti GL, Theodoropoulos DS, Bukantz SC. Systemic reactions and fatalities associated with allergen immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87(1 Suppl 1):47–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas JS, Grimshaw KE, Collins K, Warner JO, Hourihane JO. Kiwi fruit is a significant allergen and is associated with differing patterns of reactivity in children and adults. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(7): 1115–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantoux C. Intradermoréaction de la tuberculose. CR Acad Sci. 1908;147:355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathias CG, Maibach HI. When to read the patch test? Int J Dermatol. 1979;18(2):127–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui EC, Keet CA. Are all skin testing devices created equal? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(6):894–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehl A, Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Staden U, Verstege A, Wahn U, Beyer K, et al. The atopy patch test in the diagnostic workup of suspected food-related symptoms in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(4): 923–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JC. The angry back syndrome: eczema creates eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 1975;1(4):193–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowad CM, Anderson B, Scheinman P, Pootongkam S, Nedorost S, Brod B. Allergic contact dermatitis: patient diagnosis and evaluation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(6):1029–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadarajah R, Rechtweg J, Corey JP. Introduction to serial endpoint titration. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2001;21:369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson H. Variables in allergy skin testing. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2001;21(2):281–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson HS, Knoetzer J, Bucher B. Effect of distance between sites and region of the body on results of skin prick tests. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996a;97(2): 596–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson HS, Oppenheimer J, Buchmeier A, Kordash TR, Freshwater LL. An assessment of the role of intradermal skin testing in the diagnosis of clinically relevant allergy to timothy grass. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996b;97(6):1193–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson HS, Lahr J, Buchmeier A, McCormick D. Evaluation of devices for skin prick testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(2 Pt 1):153–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niemeijer NR, Kauffman HF, van Hove W, Dubois AE, de Monchy JG. Effect of dilution, temperature, and preservatives on the long-term stability of standardized inhalant allergen extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996;76(6):535–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norrman G, Falth-Magnusson K. Adverse reactions to skin prick testing in children – prevalence and possible risk factors. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009;20(3):273–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novembre E, Bernardini R, Bertini G, Massai G, Vierucci A. Skin-prick-test-induced anaphylaxis. Allergy. 1995;50(6):511–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ober AI, MacLean JA, Hannaway PJ. Life-threatening anaphylaxis to venom immunotherapy in a patient taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer J, Nelson HS. Skin testing. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006a;96(2 Suppl 1):S6–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer J, Nelson HS. Skin testing: a survey of allergists. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006b;96(1):19–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortolani C, Ispano M, Pastorello EA, Ansaloni R, Magri GC. Comparison of results of skin prick tests (with fresh foods and commercial food extracts) and RAST in 100 patients with oral allergy syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83(3):683–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortolani C, Ballmer-Weber BK, Hansen KS, Ispano M, Wuthrich B, Bindslev-Jensen C, et al. Hazelnut allergy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge multicenter study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105(3): 577–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osterballe M, Hansen TK, Mortz CG, Host A, Bindslev-Jensen C. The prevalence of food hypersensitivity in an unselected population of children and adults. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005;16(7):567–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ownby DR. Computerized measurement of allergen-induced skin reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982;69(6):536–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitsios C, Dimitriou A, Kontou-Fili K. Allergic reactions during allergy skin testing with food allergens. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;41(4):126–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitsios C, Dimitriou A, Stefanaki EC, Kontou-Fili K. Anaphylaxis during skin testing with food allergens in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(5):613–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Position paper. Allergen standardization and skin tests. The European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy. 1993;48:48–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt MD, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF Jr, Fransway AF, Maibach HI, et al. North American contact dermatitis group patch-test results, 2001–2002 study period. Dermatitis. 2004;15(4):176–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rance F, Juchet A, Bremont F, Dutau G. Correlations between skin prick tests using commercial extracts and fresh foods, specific IgE, and food challenges. Allergy. 1997;52(10):1031–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rank MA, Oslie CL, Krogman JL, Park MA, Li JT. Allergen immunotherapy safety: characterizing systemic reactions and identifying risk factors. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2008;29(4):400–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao KS, Menon PK, Hilman BC, Sebastian CS, Bairnsfather L. Duration of the suppressive effect of tricyclic antidepressants on histamine-induced wheal-and-flare reactions in human skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;82(5 Pt 1):752–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ricketti PA, Unkle DW, Cleri DJ, Ricketti AJ. Delayed anaphylaxis secondary to allergy skin testing. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;111(5):420–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rietschel RL, Fowler JF Jr. Pathogenesis of allergic contact hypersensitivity. In: Rietschel RL, Fowler Jr JF, editors. Fisher’s contact dermatitis. 6th ed. Hamilton: BC Decker; 2008. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosmarin D, Gottlieb AB, Asarch A, Scheinman PL. Patch-testing while on systemic immunosuppressants. Dermatitis. 2009;20(5):265–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothenburg ME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. In: Adkinson NF, Bochnewr B, Burks W, et al., editors. Middletons’s allergy: principles and practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2014. p. 1095–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Lopez G, Cizur M, Sanz B, Sanz ML. Prick-prick with fresh foods in patients with latex allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000;10(5):280–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago F, Goncalo M, Vieira R, Coelho S, Figueiredo A. Epicutaneous patch testing in drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DRESS). Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62(1): 47–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schloss OM. A case of allergy to common foods. Am J Dis Child. 1912;3:341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider L, Tilles S, Lio P, Boguniewicz M, Beck L, LeBovidge J, et al. Atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter update 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(2):295–9.e1–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnuch A, Kelterer D, Bauer A, Schuster C, Aberer W, Mahler V, et al. Quantitative patch and repeated open application testing in methyldibromo glutaronitrile-sensitive patients. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;52(4): 197–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz-Larsen F, Hanifin J. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2002;22:1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwindt CD, Hutcheson PS, Leu SY, Dykewicz MS. Role of intradermal skin tests in the evaluation of clinically relevant respiratory allergy assessed using patient history and nasal challenges. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94(6):627–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seshul M, Pillsbury H 3rd, Eby T. Use of intradermal dilutional testing and skin prick testing: clinical relevance and cost efficiency. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(9): 1530–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HP, Wood RA, Bravo AR, Matsui EC. A comparison of skin prick tests, intradermal skin tests, and specific IgE in the diagnosis of mouse allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(4):933–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sicherer SH, Wood RA, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on A, Immunology. Allergy testing in childhood: using allergen-specific IgE tests. Pediatrics. 2012;129(1):193–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sin BA, Inceoglu O, Mungan D, Celik G, Kaplan A, Misirligil Z. Is it important to perform pollen skin prick tests in the season? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86(4):382–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skog E, Forsbeck M. Comparison between 24- and 48-hour exposure time in patch testing. Contact Dermatitis. 1978;4(6):362–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith HR, Basketter DA, McFadden JP. Irritant dermatitis, irritancy and its role in allergic contact dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27(2):138–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spergel JM, Beausoleil JL, Mascarenhas M, Liacouras CA. The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(2):363–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spergel JM, Nurse N, Taylor P, ParneixSpake A. Effect of topical pimecrolimus on epicutaneous skin testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(3):695–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spergel JM, Brown-Whitehorn T, Beausoleil JL, Shuker M, Liacouras CA. Predictive values for skin prick test and atopy patch test for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(2):509–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spergel JM, Brown-Whitehorn TF, Cianferoni A, Shuker M, Wang ML, Verma R, et al. Identification of causative foods in children with eosinophilic esophagitis treated with an elimination diet. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(2):461–7.e5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stromberg L. Diagnostic accuracy of the atopy patch test and the skin-prick test for the diagnosis of food allergy in young children with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(10):1044–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T.R.U.E. Test package insert. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/biologicsbloodvaccines/allergenics/ucm294327.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2018.

  • Tordesillas L, Pacios LF, Palacin A, Cuesta-Herranz J, Madero M, Diaz-Perales A. Characterization of IgE epitopes of Cuc m 2, the major melon allergen, and their role in cross-reactivity with pollen profilins. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40(1):174–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tosca MA, Olcese R, Ciprandi G, Rossi GA. Acute anaphylactic reaction after prick-by-prick testing for pine nut in a child. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2013;41(1):67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi A, Patterson R. Clinical interpretation of skin test results. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2001;21(2): 291–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turkeltaub PC, Gergen PJ. The risk of adverse reactions from percutaneous prick-puncture allergen skin testing, venipuncture, and body measurements: data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1976–80 (NHANES II). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;84(6 Pt 1):886–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tunon-de-Lara JM, Villanueva P, Marcos M, Taytard A. ACE inhibitors and anaphylactoid reactions during venom immunotherapy. Lancet 1992;340:908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tversky JR, Chelladurai Y, McGready J, Hamilton RG. Performance and pain tolerability of current diagnostic allergy skin prick test devices. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(6):888–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanto T. Efficiency of different skin prick testing methods in the diagnosis of allergy to dog. Ann Allergy. 1982;49:340–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villarama CD, Maibach HI. Correlations of patch test reactivity and the repeated open application test (ROAT)/provocative use test (PUT). Food Chem Toxicol. 2004;42(11):1719–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, van de Weg WE, van der Heide S, Dubois AE. Where to prick the apple for skin testing? Allergy. 2013;68(9):1196–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vocks E, Stander K, Rakoski J, Ring J. Suppression of immediate-type hypersensitivity elicitation in the skin prick test by ultraviolet B irradiation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1999;15(6):236–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vohlonen I, Terho EO, Koivikko A, Vanto T, Holmen A, Heinonen OP. Reproducibility of the skin prick test. Allergy. 1989;44(8):525–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Von Pirquet C. Der diagnostische wert der kutanen Tuberkulinreaktion bei der Tuberkulose des Kindsesalters auf Grund von 100 Sektionen. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1907;22:1123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(Suppl 2):S1–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Godbold JH, Sampson HA. Correlation of serum allergy (IgE) tests performed by different assay systems. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(5):1219–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warshaw EM, Belsito DV, Taylor JS, et al. North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch test results: 2009 to 2010. Dermatitis. 2013;24:50–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wee JS, White JM, McFadden JP, White IR. Patch testing in patients treated with systemic immunosuppression and cytokine inhibitors. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62(3):165–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werther RL, Choo S, Lee KJ, Poole D, Allen KJ, Tang ML. Variability in skin prick test results performed by multiple operators depends on the device used. World Allergy Organ J. 2012;5(12):200–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • White KM, England RW. Safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors while receiving venom immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101:426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wide L, Bennich H, Johansson SG. Diagnosis of allergy by an in-vitro test for allergen antibodies. Lancet. 1967;2(7526):1105–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson JD, Bruynzeel DP, Ducombs G, Frosch PJ, Gunnarsson Y, Hannuksela M, et al. European multicenter study of TRUE Test, Panel 2. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;22(4):218–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams PB, Nolte H, Dolen WK, Koepke JW, Selner JC. The histamine content of allergen extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;89(3):738–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood RA, Phipatanakul W, Hamilton RG, Eggleston PA. A comparison of skin prick tests, intradermal skin tests, and RASTs in the diagnosis of cat allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103(5 Pt 1):773–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood RA, Segall N, Ahlstedt S, Williams PB. Accuracy of IgE antibody laboratory results. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;99(1):34–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division Allergy Immunology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Vivian Wang, Fonda Jiang, Anita Kallepalli & Joseph Yusin

Authors
  1. Vivian Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fonda Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anita Kallepalli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Joseph Yusin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joseph Yusin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Penn State University Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Hershey, PA, USA

    Timothy Craig

  2. Suite 502, Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Suite 502, Tampa, FL, USA

    Dennis K. Ledford

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA

    Timothy Craig DO

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Wang, V., Jiang, F., Kallepalli, A., Yusin, J. (2019). Allergy Skin Testing. In: Craig, T., Ledford, D. (eds) Allergy and Asthma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_33-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_33-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58726-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58726-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Allergy Skin Testing
    Published:
    12 October 2018

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_33-2

  2. Original

    Allergy Skin Testing
    Published:
    10 September 2018

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_33-1

Search

Navigation