Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Beach Sand Quality and Its Associated Health Effects of Port Dickson Beaches (Malaysia): An Analysis of Beach Management Framework

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Beach Management Tools - Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies

Part of the book series: Coastal Research Library ((COASTALRL,volume 24))

Abstract

This present study investigates Escherichia coli (E.coli) contamination to indicate beach sand quality along Port Dickson coastal area and perceived health risk symptoms among beachgoers. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analyses was used to understand the beach management framework in Port Dickson coastline. E. coli colonies in beach sand ranged from 60 cfu/100 g to 4113 cfu/100 g, the highest was found at Tanjung Gemuk and the lowest at Tanjung Tuan. This variation was due to location of the former at the sewage outlet of nearby hotels and dilution factor. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis output has highlighted the best match between environmental trends (opportunities and threats) and internal capabilities (strengths and weakness) which can be applied to beach management in Port Dickson coastline. Thus, identification and prioritization of future multidisciplinary studies is vital to fill in the knowledge gap and address sustainable performance towards beach management in Port Dickson coastline.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmad A, Dada AC, Usup G, Heng LY (2014) Occurrence of enterococcus species with virulence markers in an urban flow-influenced tropical recreational beach. Mar Pollut Bull 82(1–2):26–38. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AlDerisio KA, DeLuca N (1999) Seasonal enumeration of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from the Feces of Ring-Billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) and Canada Geese (Branta canadensis). Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 125628–125630

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Dufour T, Wade J, David K (2012) Animal waste, water quality and human health. IWA Publishing, London, p 476

    Google Scholar 

  • American Public Health Association (1999) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Standard Methods, p 541

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariza E (2011) An analysis of beach management framework in Spain. Study case: the Catalonian coast. J Coast Conserv 15(4):445–455. doi:10.1007/s11852-010-0135-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla TD, Nowosielski K, Cuvelier M, Hartz A, Green M, Esiobu N, Rogerson A (2007) Prevalence and distribution of fecal indicator organisms in South Florida beach sand and preliminary assessment of health effects associated with beach sand exposure. Mar Pollut Bull 54(9):1472–1482. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colford JM, Wade TJ, Schiff KC, Wright CC, Griffith JF, Sandhu SK, Weisberg SB (2007) Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination. Epidimiology 18(1):27–35. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000249425.32990.b9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowther J, Kay D, Wyer MD (2001) Relationships between microbial water quality and environmental conditions in coastal recreational waters: the Fylde coast, UK. Water Res 35(17):4029–4038. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00123-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dada AC, Asmat A, Gires U, Heng LY, Deborah BO (2012) Bacteriological monitoring and sustainable management of beach water quality in Malaysia: problems and prospects. Glob J Health Sci 4(3):126–138. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel WW (1999) Biostatics: a foundation for analysis in health sciences, 7th edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamantopoulou P, Voudouris K (2008) Optimization of water resources management using SWOT analysis: the case of Zakynthos Island, Ionian Sea, Greece. Environ Geol 54(1):197–211. doi:10.1007/s00254-007-0808-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haack SK, Fogarty LR, Stelzer EA, Fuller LM, Brennan AK, Isaacs NM, Johnson HE (2013) Geographic setting influences Great Lakes beach microbiological water quality. Environ Sci Technol 47(21):12054–12063. doi:10.1021/es402299a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamzah A, Kipli S, Ismail SR, Una R, Sarmani S (2011) Microbiological study in coastal water of Port Dickson, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 40(2):93–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaney CD, Exum NG, Dufour AP, Brenner KP, Haugland RA, Chern E, Schwab KJ, Love DC, Serre ML, Noble R, Wade TJ (2014) Water quality, weather and environmental factors associated with fecal indicator organism density in beach sand at two recreational marine beaches. Sci Total Environ 497-498:440–447. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamaruddin, H. (1998). Coastal zone management in Malaysia – pollution control. Malays J Law Soc. Retrieved from http://www.ukm.my/juum/JUUM1998/CoastalZone ManagementinMalaysia-PollutionControl.pdf

  • Mills AL (2001) Keeping in touch: microbial life on soil particle surfaces. Adv Agron 78:1–43. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(02)78001-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Marine Resources, Islands, Cook (2014) Drinking water laboratory capacity review. Cawthron Institute, Nelson

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokhtar MB, Ghani Aziz SABA (2003) Integrated coastal zone management using the ecosystems approach, some perspectives in Malaysia. Ocean Coast Manag 46(5):407–419. doi:10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00015-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasuchon N (2009) Coastal management and community management in Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand, with a case study of Thai fisheries management. Fisheries Management, p 91

    Google Scholar 

  • Praveena SM, Aris AZ (2009) A review of groundwater in islands using SWOT analysis. World Rev Sci Technol Sustainable Dev 6(2/3/4):186–203. doi:10.1504/WRSTSD.2009.031840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Praveena SM, Siraj SS, Suleiman AK, Aris AZ (2011) A Brush up on water quality studies of Port Dickson, Malaysia. Res J Environ Sci 5(12):841–849. doi:10.3923/rjes.2011.841.849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Praveena SM, Chen KS, Ismail SNS (2013) Indicators of microbial beach water quality: preliminary findings from Teluk Kemang beach, Port Dickson (Malaysia). Mar Pollut Bull 76(1–2):417–419. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Praveena SM, Pauzi NM, Hamdan M, Sham SM (2015) Assessment of swimming associated health effects in marine bathing beach: an example from Morib beach (Malaysia). Mar Pollut Bull 92(1–2):1–5. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.01.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Praveena SM, Shamira SS, Ismail SNS, Aris AZ (2016) Fecal indicator bacteria in tropical beach sand: baseline findings from Port Dickson coastline, Strait of Malacca (Malaysia). Mar Pollut Bull 110(1):609–612. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis AH, Gama C (2010) Sand size versus beachface slope – an explanation based on the constructal law. Geomorphology 114(3):276–283. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Särndal CE, Lundström S (2005) Estimation in surveys with nonresponse. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz M (2005) Encyclopedia of coastal Science. Springer, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata T, Solo-Gabriele HM, Fleming LE, Elmir S (2004) Monitoring marine recreational water quality using multiple microbial indicators in an urban tropical environment. Water Res 38(13):3119–3131. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sihasale, D. A., Hakim, L., & Suharyanto, A. (2013). The strategy of potential tourism development in Namalatu Beach at Nusaniwe Sub District, Ambon City, Indonesia, 3(1), 39–45. Retrieved from http://www.researchinventy.com/v3i1.html

  • Solo-Gabriele HM, Harwood VJ, Kay D, Fujioka RS, Sadowsky MJ, Whitman RL, Wither A, Caniça M, Carvalho da Fonseca R, Duarte A, Edge Ta, Gargaté MJ, Gunde-Cimerman N, Hagen F, McLellan SL, Nogueira da Silva A, Novak Babič M, Prada S, Rodrigues R, Romão D, Sabino R, Samson Ra, Segal E, Staley C, Taylor HD, Veríssimo C, Viegas C, Barroso H, Brandão JC (2015) Beach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendations. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 96:1–20. doi:10.1017/S0025315415000843

    Google Scholar 

  • Turbow D, Lin TH, Jiang S (2004) Impacts of beach closures on perceptions of swimming-related health risk in Orange County California. Mar Pollut Bull 48:132–136. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00371-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valencia M, Jaafar A (1985) Environmental management of the Malacca/Singapore straits: legal and institutional issues. Nat Resour J 25:195–232. Retrieved from http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/narj25&section=16

    Google Scholar 

  • Varnam A, Evans M (2000) Environmental microbiology related books. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Velonakis E, Dimitra D, Papadogiannakis E, Vatopoulos A (2014) Present status of effect of microorganisms from sand beach on public health. J Coast Life Med 2(9):746–756. doi:10.12980/JCLM.2.2014JCLM-2014-0067

    Google Scholar 

  • Yau V, Wade T, de Wilde C, Colford J (2009) Skin-related symptoms following expo- sure to recreational water: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Water Qual Expo Health 1:79–103. doi:10.1007/s12403-009-0012-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thanks Microbiology Laboratory staffs, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Universiti Putra Malaysia) for their autoclave service.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Sarva Mangala Praveena & Siti Shafiqa Shamira

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ahmad Zaharin Aris

Authors
  1. Sarva Mangala Praveena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Siti Shafiqa Shamira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmad Zaharin Aris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarva Mangala Praveena .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Santa Marta, Colombia

    Camilo M. Botero

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, University of Colima, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico

    Omar Cervantes

  3. Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF), Fletcher, North Carolina, USA

    Charles W. Finkl

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Praveena, S.M., Shamira, S.S., Aris, A.Z. (2018). Beach Sand Quality and Its Associated Health Effects of Port Dickson Beaches (Malaysia): An Analysis of Beach Management Framework. In: Botero, C., Cervantes, O., Finkl, C. (eds) Beach Management Tools - Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies. Coastal Research Library, vol 24. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58304-4_41

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation