Skip to main content

Ronald Lippitt: The Master of Planned Change

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover The Palgrave Handbook of Organizational Change Thinkers
  • 5682 Accesses

Abstract

Ron Lippitt, an innovator throughout his distinguished career, was one of the founders of group dynamics and the “T-group” (sensitivity group), a cofounder of the National Training Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and again later was a cofounder of the Center on the Research for the Utilization of Scientific Knowledge at the University of Michigan. A pioneer in the development of experimental social psychology, he is renowned for his classic work on the effects of democratic, autocratic and laissez faire leadership of small groups, and for his later work on planned change. Throughout his life, he demonstrated the power of controlled research in natural settings, creating scientific foundations for small group, organizational and societal change. His hundreds of writings span articles, chapters, and books that contribute his insights and methods to resolve organizational and social problems. He leaves behind a rich legacy for researchers, consultants, organizational and societal leaders, and students.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adler, D. C., Lippitt, R., & White, R. K. (1939). An experiment with young people under democratic, autocratic, and laissez-faire atmospheres. In National Council of Social Work, Proceedings of the National Council of Social Work, Selected Papers, Sixty-Sixth Annual Conference, Buffalo, June 18–24, 1939. New York: Columbia University Press, Vol. 66, pp. 152–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, L. P., Gibb, J. R., & Benne, K. D. (1964). T-group theory and the laboratory method. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooperrider, D., Sorenson, P., Whitney, D., & Yaeger, T. (2000). Appreciative inquiry: Rethinking human organization toward a positive theory of change. Champaign: Stipes Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R., Lippitt, R., & Schindler-Raiman, E. (1973). The humanized future: Some new images. La Jolla, CA: University Associates, (Out of print).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, C., & Lippitt, R. (1966). The study of change as a concept in research utilization. Theory Into Practice, 5(1), 25–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K., & Lippit, R. (1938). An experimental approach to the study of autocracy and democracy: A preliminary note. Sociometry, 1(3/4), 292–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindaman, E., & Lippitt, R. (1979). Choosing the future you prefer. Washington, DC: Development Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1939). Field theory and experiment in social psychology: Authoritarian and democratic group atmosphere. American Journal Sociology, 4(1), 26–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1940a). An experimental study of authoritarian and democratic group atmospheres. Studies in Topological and Vector Psychology, 16(3), University of Iowa, Studies in Child Welfare, pp. 43–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1940b). An analysis of group reaction to three types of experimentally created social climate (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Iowa. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms. (5922204).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1942). The morale of youth groups, chapter 7. In G. Watson (Ed.), Civilian morale (p. 119). Boston: Houghton Miffin Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1943). From domination to leadership. Journal of the National Association of Women Deans and Counselors, 6, 147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1945). To be or not to be – A Jew (racial and religious prejudice in everyday living). Journal of Social Issues, 1(1), 18–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1949). Training in community relations. New York: Harper and Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1959). Dimensions of the consultant’s job. The Journal of Social Issues, 15(2), 5–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1960). The individual pupil and the classroom group. Paper presented at the ASCD Research Workshop, Palo Alto, May 1960. Published by NEA-ASCD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1961). The learner and the classroom group. Reprinted in NTL-NEA Selected Readings Series #3, Forces in Learning, Washington, DC, pp. 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1962a). Flint youth study. Flint community leaders seminar reports (with Flint Action-Research Team). Flint-ISR, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan cooperative enterprise.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1962b). Unplanned maintenance and planned change in the group work process. Paper presented at Edward C. Lindaman Memorial Lecture. Published for the National Conference on Social Welfare; reprinted from Social Work Practice, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1965). The process of utilization of social research to improve social practice. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 35(4), 663–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1971). The research utilization conference: An illustrative model, Working paper. Ann Arbor: Center for the Utilization of Scientific Knowledge, Institute for Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1981). Humanizing planned change. In H. Metzer (Ed.), Making organizations humane and productive: A handbook for practitioners (pp. 463–474). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1983). Future before you plan. In R. A. Ritvo & A. G. Seargent (Eds.), The NTL Manager’s handbook (pp. 374–381). Arlington: NTL Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R. (1984). Dreaming the possible: Futuring with its feet on the ground. Futuring book project. Unpublished paper. Bethel: NTL Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Bradford, L. (1945a). Building a democratic work group. Personnel, 22(3), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Bradford, L. (1945b). Employee success in work groups. Personnel Administration, 8(4), 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Gold, M. (1958). Classroom social structure as a mental health problem. Journal of Social Issues, 15(1), 40–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Gold, M. (1961). Classroom social structure as a mental health problem. Reprinted in NTL-NEA Selected Readings Series #3, Forces in Learning, Washington, DC, pp. 61–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Havelock, R. (1968). Needed research on research utilization. Research implications for educational diffusion – Major papers presented at the National Conference on the Diffusion of Educational Ideas, March 26–28, 1968, East Lansing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Jenkins, D. (1953). Interpersonal perceptions in the classroom. In Seidman (Ed.), The adolescent (pp. 583–599). New York: Dryden Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, G., & Lippitt, R. (1978). The consulting process in action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Lippitt, G. (1985). The Multocular process. Unpublished Paper, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Radke, M. (1946). New trends in the investigation of prejudice. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 244, 167–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Weltfish, G. (1945). Further remarks on the re-education of racial and religious prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 1(2), 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & White, R. (1943). The “social climate” of children’s groups. In Barker, Kouin, & Wright (Eds.), Child behavior and development. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Withey, S. (1961). The Flint youth studies. A progress report on social psychological studies on juvenile delinquency. NINH Grant 3M-9109, January.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., & Zander, A. (1943). A study of boy attitudes toward participation of the war effort. Journal of Social Psychology, 17(2), 309–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., Watson, J., & Westley, B. (1958). The dynamics of planned change. New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippitt, R., Kaufman, M., & Schmuck, R. (1963). Creative practices developed by teachers for improving classroom atmospheres. Document #14 in document series of Inter-Center Program on Children, Youth and Family Life. Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 66 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marrow, A. F. (1969). The practical theorist. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schein, E. H. (2009). Helping: How to offer, give and receive help. San Francisco: Berrett Koehler Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisbord, M., & Janoff, S. (1995). Future search: An action guide to finding common ground in organizations and communities. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. H., & Lippitt, R. (1960). Autocracy and democracy. Westport: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

Further Reading

    The Following Materials Were Vital to the Development of This Profile

    • Block, P. (1978). Flawless consulting: A guide to getting your expertise used. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

      Google Scholar 

    • Kleiner, A. (2008). The age of heretics: The history of the radical thinkers who reinvented corporate management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

      Google Scholar 

    • Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning. Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lewin, K., Lippit, R., & White, R. K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created “social climates”. Journal Social Psychology, 10, 271–299.

      Article  Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, R. (1949). Training in community relations. New York: Harper and Brothers.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, R. (1982). Retrospective reflections on group work and group dynamics. Social Work with Groups, 4(3/4), 9–19.

      Article  Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, R., & Gould, R. (1961). Delinquency patterns: Causes, cures. Document Series #3 in Document Series of Inter-Center Program on Children, Youth and Family Life, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, 53 pages. Symposium of American Psychological Assn. Convention, 1960.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, G., & Lippitt, R. (1978). The consulting process in action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, R., & Lippitt, G. (1985). The multocular process. Unpublished paper. Ann Arbor.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, R., Watson, J., & Westley, B. (1958). The dynamics of planned change. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, R., & White, R. (1960). Autocracy and democracy: An experimental inquiry. New York: Harper and Brothers.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, R., Withey, S., & Moles, O. (1959a). A selective review of research and theories concerning the dynamics of delinquency. Ann Arbor: Institute of Social Research, Intercenter Program of Research on Children, Youth and Family Life.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lippitt, R., Withey, S., & Moles, O. (1959b). Toward the integration of theoretical orientations (Ch. 10). In A selective review of research and theories concerning the dynamics of delinquency. Ann Arbor: Institute of Social Research.

      Google Scholar 

    • Schindler-Raiman, E., & Lippitt, R. (1980). Building the collaborative community. Development Publications, 5605 Lamar Road, Washington, DC: Development Publications, 20016.

      Google Scholar 

    • The Methodological Revolutionary, The Ann Arbor Observer, 1984. http://annarborobserver.com/articles/front_page.html

    • Weisbord, M. (2012). Productive workplaces, dignity, meaning and community in the 21st century. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

      Google Scholar 

    Download references

    Author information

    Authors and Affiliations

    Authors

    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to David B. Szabla .

    Editor information

    Editors and Affiliations

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2017 The Author(s)

    About this entry

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this entry

    Szabla, D.B. (2017). Ronald Lippitt: The Master of Planned Change. In: Szabla, D.B., Pasmore, W.A., Barnes, M.A., Gipson, A.N. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Organizational Change Thinkers. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52878-6_15

    Download citation

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics