Skip to main content

Can Bagging Improve the Forecasting Performance of Tourism Demand Models?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Robustness in Econometrics

Part of the book series: Studies in Computational Intelligence ((SCI,volume 692))

Abstract

This study examines the forecasting performance of the general-to-specific (GETS) models developed for Hong Kong through the bootstrap aggregating method (known as bagging). Although the literature in other research areas shows that bagging can improve the forecasting performance of GETS models, the empirical analysis in this study does not confirm this conclusion. This study is the first attempt to apply bagging to tourism forecasting, but additional effort is needed to examine the effectiveness of bagging in tourism forecasting by extending the models to cover more destination-source markets related to destinations other than Hong Kong.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bank of Thailand (2016) Statistical reports, various issues. http://www.bot.or.th/English

  2. Breiman L (1996) Bagging predictors. Mach Learn 24(2):123–140

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Büchlmann P, Yu B (2002) Analyzing bagging. Ann Stat 30(4):927–961

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Campos J, Ericsson NR, Hendry DF (2005) General-to-specific modeling: an overview and selected bibliography. FRB International Finance Discussion Paper No. 838

    Google Scholar 

  5. Census Statistics Department (2016) Statistical reports, various issues. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/

  6. Hiemstra S, Wong KKF (2002) Factors affecting demand for tourism in Hong Kong. J Travel Tourism Market 13(1–2):41–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hong Kong Tourism Board (2016) Annual reports. http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/about-hktb/annual-report/index.jsp

  8. Hong Kong Tourism Board (2016) Tourism statistics 12 2015. http://partnernet.hktb.com/filemanager/intranet/ViS_Stat/ViS_Stat_E/ViS_E_2015/Tourism_Statistics_12_2015_0.pdf

  9. Inoue A, Kilian L (2008) How useful is bagging in forecasting economic time series? A case study of U.S. consumer price inflation. J Am Stat Assoc 103(482):511–522

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Li G, Song H, Witt SF (2005) Recent developments in econometric modeling and forecasting. J Travel Res 44(1):82–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Narayan PK (2004) Fijis tourism demand: the ARDL approach to cointegration. Tourism Econ 10(2):193–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. National Statistics (2016) Statistical reports, various issues. http://eng.stat.gov.tw

  13. OANDA (2016) fxTrade\(^{\rm TM}\). Historical exchange rates \(\mid \) OANDA. https://www.oanda.com/lang/cns/currency/historical-rates/

  14. OECD Statistics (2016). https://stats.oecd.org/

  15. Rapach DE, Strauss JK (2010) Bagging or combining (or both)? An analysis based on forecasting U.S. employment growth. Econometric Rev 29(5–6):511–533

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Rapach DE, Strauss JK, Forecasting US (2012) State-level employment growth: an amalgamation approach. Int J Forecast 28(2):315–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Song H, Dwyer L, Li G, Cao Z (2012) Tourism economics research: a review and assessment. Ann Tourism Res 39(3):1653–1682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Song H, Gao Z, Zhang X, Lin S (2012) A web-based Hong Kong tourism demand forecasting system. Int J Networking Virtual Organ 10(3–4):275–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Song H, Li G, Witt SF, Athanasopoulos G (2011) Forecasting tourist arrivals using time-varying parameter structural time series models. Int J Forecast 27(3):855–869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Song H, Li G, Witt SF, Fei B (2010) Tourism demand modelling and forecasting: how should demand be measured? Tourism Econ 16(1):63–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Song H, Lin S, Zhang X, Gao Z (2010) Global financial/economic crisis and tourist arrival forecasts for Hong Kong. Asia Pac J Tourism Res 15(2):223–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Song H, Witt SF (2003) Tourism forecasting: the general-to-specific approach. J Travel Res 42(1):65–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Song H, Witt SF, Li G (2008) The advanced econometrics of tourism demand. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  24. Song H, Witt SF, Zhang X (2008) Developing a web-based tourism demand forecasting system. Tourism Econ 14(3):445–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Song H, Wong KKF (2003) Tourism demand modeling: a time-varying parameter approach. J Travel Res 42(1):57–64

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Song H, Wong KKF, Chon KKS (2003) Modelling and forecasting the demand for Hong Kong tourism. Intl J Hosp Manage 22(4):435–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Statistics Singapore (2016) Statistical reports, various issues. http://www.singstat.gov.sg

  28. UNWTO (2016) Statistical reports, various issues. http://unwto.org

  29. Witt SF, Witt CA (1995) Forecasting tourism demand: a review of empirical research. Int J Forecast 11(3):447–475

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  30. Wong KK, Song H, Chon KS (2006) Bayesian models for tourism demand forecasting. Tour Manag 27(5):773–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wong KKF (1997) The relevance of business cycles in forecasting international tourist arrivals. Tour Manag 18(8):581–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhao Y, Cen Y (2013) Data mining applications with R. Academic Press, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haiyan Song .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Appendix: Tables of the MAE, MAPE, and MASE of Both Procedures for all Three Countries

Appendix: Tables of the MAE, MAPE, and MASE of Both Procedures for all Three Countries

See Appendix Tables 3, 4, 5.

Table 3 MAE of both procedures for all three countries
Table 4 MAPE of both procedures for all three countries
Table 5 MASE of both procedures for all three countries

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Song, H., Witt, S.F., Qiu, R.T. (2017). Can Bagging Improve the Forecasting Performance of Tourism Demand Models?. In: Kreinovich, V., Sriboonchitta, S., Huynh, VN. (eds) Robustness in Econometrics. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 692. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50742-2_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50742-2_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50741-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50742-2

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics