Abstract
Up to now, the major process for light olefin production has been thermal steam cracking. The diversification of feedstocks from heavy oil fractions to light hydrocarbons as well as methanol led to the development of catalytic processes. Differing from the radical mechanism for olefin formation by the thermal process, there are two reaction mechanisms for the description of olefin formation in the catalytic process: the carbocation mechanism for hydrocarbon cracking and the hydrocarbon pool mechanism for methanol to light olefin.
Deep catalytic cracking (GlossaryTerm
DCC
), developed by the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP) of Sinopec, is a fluidized catalytic cracking process that uses a proprietary catalyst for the selective cracking of a wide variety of heavy feedstocks to produce light olefins. The catalytic pyrolysis process (GlossaryTermCPP
), also developed by RIPP of Sinopec, is an extension of DCC that gives an increased ethylene yield while keeping propylene production at a reasonable rate. The commercial units run worldwide showing the success of the development of these processes.The key process features, the representative catalysts, and the performance of PetroFCC, Propylur, SuperFLEX, propylene catalytic cracking, olefins catalytic cracking, olefins conversion technology, propane dehydrogenation, and methanol-to-olefins are also briefly introduced.
In future, for the production of light olefin, catalytic processing is the key step to integrate the refining and petrochemicals plants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
B.G. Anderson, R.R. Schumacher, R. Duren, A.P. Singh, R.A. Santen: An attempt to predict the optimum zeolite-based catalyst for selective cracking of naphtha-range hydrocarbons to light olefins, J. Mol. Catal. A 181, 291–301 (2002)
J. Weitkamp, P.A. Jacobs, J.A. Martens: Isomerization and hydrocracking of C9 through C16 n-alkanes on Pt/HZSM-5 zeolite, Appl. Catal. 8, 123–141 (1983)
J.S. Buchanan, J.G. Santiesteban, W.O. Haag: Mechanistic considerations in acid-catalyzed cracking of olefins, J. Catal. 158, 279–287 (1996)
K. Wakui, K. Satoh, G. Sawada, K. Shiozawa, K. Matano, K. Suzuki, T. Hayakawa, Y. Yoshimura, K. Murata, F. Mizukami: Dehydrogenative cracking of n-butane using double-stage reaction, Appl. Catal. 230, 195–202 (2002)
A. Corma, A.V. Orchilles: Formation of products responsible for motor and research octane of gasolines produced by cracking: The implication of framework Si/Al ratio and operation variables, J. Catal. 115, 551–566 (1989)
L. Smith, A.K. Cheetham, R.E. Morris, L. Marchese, J.M. Thomas, P.A. Wright, J. Chen: On the nature of water bound to a solid acid catalyst, Science 271(5250), 799–802 (1996)
C.M. Wang, Y.D. Wang, Z.K. Xie: Insights into the reaction mechanism of methanol-to-olefins conversion in HSAPO-34 from first principle: Are olefins themselves the dominating hydrocarbon pool species?, J. Catal. 301, 8–19 (2013)
X. Shu, W. Fu, M. He, M. Zhou, Z. Shi, S. Zang: Rare earth-coutaining high-silica zeolite having penta-sil type structure, US Patent (Application) 5232675 (1993)
Y.B. Luo, Y. Ouyang, X. Shu, M. He, D. Wang, B. Zong, M. Li: MFI structure molecular sieve containing phosphor and metal component and its use, US Patent (Application) 7758847 B2 (2004)
X.L. Hou: Advances in Refining Technology in China (China Petrochemical, Beijing 1997) pp. 12–25
X.L. Hou: Advances in Refining Technology in China (China Petrochemical, Beijing 1997) pp. 68–78
F.M. Zhang, X. Shu, Z. Shi, W. Wang, F. Qin, X. Wang: US Patent (Application) 6080698 (1998)
Z.T. Li, F.K. Jiang, E.Z. Min: DCC – A new propylene production process from vacuum gas oil, Proc. NPRA Annu. Meet (1990)
X.Q. Wang, Z.T. Li, F.K. Jiang, B.D. Yu: Commercial trial of DCC (deep catalytic cracking) process for gaseous olefins production, Proc. AIChE 1991 (1991)
Z.G. Zhang, C.G. Xie, G.Q. Zhu: Experimental study of DCC-plus technology, Petroleum Process. Petrochem. 41(6), 39–43 (2010)
G.Q. Wang, W.Y. Shi, C.G. Xie, Z.T. Li: Catalytic pyrolysis process (CPP) – An upswing of RFCC for ethylene and propylene production, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Refinery Processing, AIChE (2002) pp. 241–249
X.Q. Zhu, C.G. Xie: Research and commercial application of CPP technology for producing light olefins from heavy oil, China Petroleum Process. Petrochem. Technol. 15(3), 7–12 (2013)
D. Greer, M. Houdek, R. Pittman, J. Woodcock: Proc. DGMK Conf. Creating Value from Light Olefins – Production and Conversion, Hamburg (2001) pp. 31–43
R.M. Pittman, L.L. Upson: US Patent (Application) 6538169 (2003)
V. Rybkin, B. Ellis/UOP: Producing Propylene from FCC Unit. (2007), http://core.theenergyexchange.co.uk/agile_assets/588/RYBKIN_UOP_-_eng.pdf
T. Brookes: New technology developments in the petrochemical industry publication. In: Proc. Echem./Petroleum Economist (2012) http://www.petroleum-economist.com/pdf/TerryBrookes.pdf
H.V. Bolt, S. Glanz: Increase propylene yields cost-effectively, Hydrocarb. Process. 81(12), 77 (2002)
H.V. Bolt, H. Zimmermann: Proc. 13th Ethylene Producers Conf (American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York 2001) pp. 518–547
H.V. Boelt, S. Glanz/Linde: Technology for propylene boosting in steamcrackers. (2003) http://www.digitalrefining.com/data/articles/1000530
M.J. Tallman, P.K. Niccum, M.F. Gilbert, C.R. Santner: Consider improving refining and petrochemical integration as a revenue-generating option, Hydrocarb. Process. 80(11), 47–53 (2001)
D.W. Leyshon, G.E. Cozzone: Production of olefins from a mixture of cut olefins and paraffins, US Patent (Application) 5043522 (1991)
M.J. Tallman, C.N. Eng/KBR: Propylene on purpose. (2010) http://www.kbr.com/newsroom/publications/articles/propylene-on-purpose.pdf
KBR Technology: Superflex 74-Convert light olefinic feeds to propylene, http://www.digitalrefining.com/data/literature/file/1618768792.pdf
C. Eng: Producing propylene, Hydrocarb. Eng. 9(7), P69 (2004)
M.J. Tallman, C. Eng: Propylene on purpose, Hydrocarb. Eng. 15(12), 51 (2010)
C. Eng: Economic routes to propylene, Hydrocarb. Asia 14(4), 36 (2004)
D.L. Johnson, K.E. Nariman, R.A. Ware: Catalytic production of light olefin rich in propylene, US Patent (Application) 6222087 (2001)
Catalagram Division: Special edition: propylene: opportunities, technologies, markets. (2004), http://www.grace.com/about/businesses/Documents/Catalagram94SP.pdf
Nexant: Propylene technology: the next generation. (2009) http://www.chemsystems.com/reports/search/docs/prospectus/MC09_Propylene_Technology_pros.pdf
P.A. Ruziska, T.R. Steffens: AIChE Spring National Meeting, Technology Session of the 12th Ethylene Producers’ Conference, Houston (2001)
J. Teng, Z.K. Xie: OCC process for propylene from C4 olefins production, Proc. Hydrocarbon Asia (2006) p. 26
J. Teng, G. Zhao, Z. Xie, Q. Chen: Production of propylene from C4 olefins by catalytic cracking – The effect of ZSM-5 crystal size, Proc. 18th World Petroleum Congr., Johannesburg (2005) pp. 25–28
J. Teng, R. Wang, Z. Xie, Y. Gan: New olefin production technologies in sninopec SRIPT, Proc. 19th World Petroleum Congr., Madrid (Institute of Petroleum, London 2008)
J. Teng, Z. Xie, W. Yang: Catalytic cracking of C4-olefin to produce propylene over H-ZSM-5. Sinopec, Proc. 15th Int. Zeolite Conf., Beijing (2007)
J. De Barros: Olefins conversion technology application, Proc. 17th World Petroleum Congr., Rio de Janeiro (2002)
J. Cosyns, J. Chodorge, D. Commereuc, B. Tork: Maximize propylene production, Hydrocarb. Process. 77(3), 61–65 (1998)
J.P. Laugier: Proc. 12th Ethylene Producers Conf. (American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York 2000) pp. 123–138
CB&I: Olefins Conversion Technology, http://www.cbi.com/images/uploads/tech_sheets/Olefins-12.pdf
S. Kantotorowicz: The path to production, Hydrocarb. Eng. 11(1), P89 (2006)
S. Wenzel. The Uhde STAR process: Oxydehydrogenation of light paraffins to olefins, http://www.digitalrefining.com/data/literature/file/2130808091.pdf
M. Heinritz-Adrian, S. Wenzel, F. Youssef/Uhde GmbH: Advanced propane dehydrogenation Oxdehydrogenation-based on-purpose propane dehydrogenation can close the propylene supply-demand gap, (2008) www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000632
S. Kvisle, H.R. Nilsen, T. Fuglerud, A. Gronvold, B.V. Vora, P.R. Pujado, P.T. Barger, J.M. Andersen: Methanol to Olefins (MtO): State of the art and perspectives, Proc. DGMK Conf. Creating Value from Light Olefins – Prod. and Convers., Hamburg (2001) pp. 73–84
P.T. Barger, B.V. Vora: Methanol to olefin process with increased selectivity to ethylene and propylene, US Patent (Application) 6534692 (2003)
Total R&D: MTO/OCP: A strategic research project, http://www.totalrefiningchemicals.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Brochures/Thematic/brochure_mto_en.pdf
J. Zhu, Y. Cui, Y.J. Chen, H.Q. Zhou, Y. Wang, F. Wei: Recent researches on the process from methanol to olefins, CIESC J. 61(7), 1674–1984 (2010)
R.W. Haddock: The Integration of Refining and Petrochemicals,(1999) NPRA, IPC-99-66
N.Y. Chen: An environmentally friendly oil industry?, Chem. Innov. 31(4), 11–21 (2001)
J.G. Furtado Ramos, A. Pinho: Double riser FCC: An opportunity for the petrochemical industry, Proc. NPRA (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhu, G., Xie, C., Li, Z., Wang, X. (2017). Catalytic Processes for Light Olefin Production. In: Hsu, C.S., Robinson, P.R. (eds) Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-49345-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-49347-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)