Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and results in the highest cancer mortality in women aged 20–59 years worldwide [1]. The disease usually progresses from hyperplasia to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and subsequently invasive carcinoma and metastasis, the latter accounting for almost all deaths among these patients [2].
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
World Cancer Report 2014 (2014) International agency for research on cancer—WHO
Bombonati A, Sgroi DC (2011) The molecular pathology of breast cancer progression. J Pathol 223(2):307–317
Viale G (2012) The current state of breast cancer classification. Ann Oncol 23(Suppl 10):x207–x210
Perou CM et al (2000) Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 406(6797):747–752
van’t Veer LJ et al (2002) Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415(6871):530–536
Herschkowitz JI et al (2007) Identification of conserved gene expression features between murine mammary carcinoma models and human breast tumors. Genome Biol 8(5):R76
Sorlie T et al (2001) Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(19):10869–10874
Sorlie T et al (2003) Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(14):8418–8423
Prat A et al (2010) Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the claudin-low intrinsic subtype of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 12(5):R68
Santagata S et al (2014) Taxonomy of breast cancer based on normal cell phenotype predicts outcome. J Clin Invest 124(2):859–870
Troester MA et al (2004) Cell-type-specific responses to chemotherapeutics in breast cancer. Cancer Res 64(12):4218–4226
Curtis C et al (2012) The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups. Nature 486(7403):346–352
Banerji S et al (2012) Sequence analysis of mutations and translocations across breast cancer subtypes. Nature 486(7403):405–409
Stephens PJ et al (2012) The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer. Nature 486(7403):400–404
Ellis MJ et al (2012) Whole-genome analysis informs breast cancer response to aromatase inhibition. Nature 486(7403):353–360
Shah SP et al (2012) The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers. Nature 486(7403):395–399
Goncalves R et al (2014) New concepts in breast cancer genomics and genetics. Breast Cancer Res 16(5):460
Bedard PL et al (2013) Tumour heterogeneity in the clinic. Nature 501(7467):355–364
Gould SE, Junttila MR, de Sauvage FJ (2015) Translational value of mouse models in oncology drug development. Nat Med 21(5):431–439
Medina D (2010) Of mice and women: a short history of mouse mammary cancer research with an emphasis on the paradigms inspired by the transplantation method. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2(10):a004523
Cardiff RD, Kenney N (2011) A compendium of the mouse mammary tumor biologist: from the initial observations in the house mouse to the development of genetically engineered mice. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3(6):a003111
Taneja P et al (2009) MMTV mouse models and the diagnostic values of MMTV-like sequences in human breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 9(5):423–440
Nusse R, Varmus HE (1982) Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell 31(1):99–109
Nusse R (1991) Insertional mutagenesis in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 171:43–65
Jhappan C et al (1992) Expression of an activated notch-related int-3 transgene interferes with cell differentiation and induces neoplastic transformation in mammary and salivary glands. Genes Dev 6(3):345–355
Callahan R, Smith GH (2008) Common integration sites for MMTV in viral induced mouse mammary tumors. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 13(3):309–321
Mukhopadhyay R et al (2010) Promotion of variant human mammary epithelial cell outgrowth by ionizing radiation: an agent-based model supported by in vitro studies. Breast Cancer Res 12(1):R11
Yaffe MJ, Mainprize JG (2011) Risk of radiation-induced breast cancer from mammographic screening. Radiology 258(1):98–105
Beatson GT (1896) On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions for a new method of treatment, with illustrated cases. Lancet 2:104–107. 162–165
Lacassagne A (1932) Apparition de cancers de la mammelle chez la souris male, soumis a des injections de folliculine. CR Acad Sci 195:630–632
Arendt LM et al (2011) Prolactin-induced mouse mammary carcinomas model estrogen resistant luminal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 13(1):R11
Vinay DS et al (2015) Immune evasion in cancer: mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 35:S185–S198
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144(5):646–674
Valastyan S, Weinberg RA (2011) Tumor metastasis: molecular insights and evolving paradigms. Cell 147(2):275–292
Shibue T, Weinberg RA (2011) Metastatic colonization: settlement, adaptation and propagation of tumor cells in a foreign tissue environment. Semin Cancer Biol 21(2):99–106
Mestas J, Hughes CC (2004) Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology. J Immunol 172(5):2731–2738
Ito R et al (2012) Current advances in humanized mouse models. Cell Mol Immunol 9(3):208–214
Khanna C, Hunter K (2005) Modeling metastasis in vivo. Carcinogenesis 26(3):513–523
Strong LC (1935) The establishment of the C(3)H inbred strain of mice for the study of spontaneous carcinoma of the mammary gland. Genetics 20(6):586–591
Deome KB et al (1959) Development of mammary tumors from hyperplastic alveolar nodules transplanted into gland-free mammary fat pads of female C3H mice. Cancer Res 19(5):515–520
Jerry DJ et al (2000) A mammary-specific model demonstrates the role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in tumor development. Oncogene 19(8):1052–1058
Kuperwasser C et al (2000) Development of spontaneous mammary tumors in BALB/c p53 heterozygous mice. A model for Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Am J Pathol 157(6):2151–2159
Behbod F et al (2009) An intraductal human-in-mouse transplantation model mimics the subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 11(5):R66
Medina D et al (2012) Intra-mammary ductal transplantation: a tool to study premalignant progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 17(2):131–133
Britschgi A et al (2012) JAK2/STAT5 inhibition circumvents resistance to PI3K/mTOR blockade: a rationale for cotargeting these pathways in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Cell 22(6):796–811
Bonapace L et al (2014) Cessation of CCL2 inhibition accelerates breast cancer metastasis by promoting angiogenesis. Nature 515(7525):130–133
Saxena M, Christofori G (2013) Rebuilding cancer metastasis in the mouse. Mol Oncol 7(2):283–296
Aceto N et al (2014) Circulating tumor cell clusters are oligoclonal precursors of breast cancer metastasis. Cell 158(5):1110–1122
Kang Y et al (2003) A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 3(6):537–549
Minn AJ et al (2005) Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature 436(7050):518–524
Kang Y et al (2005) Breast cancer bone metastasis mediated by the Smad tumor suppressor pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(39):13909–13914
Gupta GP et al (2007) Mediators of vascular remodelling co-opted for sequential steps in lung metastasis. Nature 446(7137):765–770
Bos PD et al (2009) Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Nature 459(7249):1005–1009
Lu X et al (2011) VCAM-1 promotes osteolytic expansion of indolent bone micrometastasis of breast cancer by engaging alpha4beta1-positive osteoclast progenitors. Cancer Cell 20(6):701–714
Ellis LM, Fidler IJ (2010) Finding the tumor copycat. Therapy fails, patients don’t. Nat Med 16(9):974–975
Gillet JP et al (2011) Redefining the relevance of established cancer cell lines to the study of mechanisms of clinical anti-cancer drug resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(46):18708–18713
Brooks MD, Burness ML, Wicha MS (2015) Therapeutic implications of cellular heterogeneity and plasticity in breast cancer. Cell Stem Cell 17(3):260–271
Koren S, Bentires-Alj M (2015) Breast Tumor Heterogeneity: Source of Fitness, Hurdle for Therapy. Mol Cell 60(4):537–546
Tentler JJ et al (2012) Patient-derived tumour xenografts as models for oncology drug development. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 9(6):338–350
Whittle JR et al (2015) Patient-derived xenograft models of breast cancer and their predictive power. Breast Cancer Res 17:17
Gao H et al (2015) High-throughput screening using patient-derived tumor xenografts to predict clinical trial drug response. Nat Med 21(11):1318–1325
Reyal F et al (2012) Molecular profiling of patient-derived breast cancer xenografts. Breast Cancer Res 14(1):R11
Zhang X et al (2013) A renewable tissue resource of phenotypically stable, biologically and ethnically diverse, patient-derived human breast cancer xenograft models. Cancer Res 73(15):4885–4897
DeRose YS et al (2013) Patient-derived models of human breast cancer: protocols for in vitro and in vivo applications in tumor biology and translational medicine. Curr Protoc Pharmacol Chapter 14:Unit14 23
Aparicio S, Hidalgo M, Kung AL (2015) Examining the utility of patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Nat Rev Cancer 15(5):311–316
Eirew P et al (2015) Dynamics of genomic clones in breast cancer patient xenografts at single-cell resolution. Nature 518(7539):422–426
Ding L et al (2010) Genome remodelling in a basal-like breast cancer metastasis and xenograft. Nature 464(7291):999–1005
DeRose YS et al (2011) Tumor grafts derived from women with breast cancer authentically reflect tumor pathology, growth, metastasis and disease outcomes. Nat Med 17(11):1514–1520
Fridman R et al (2012) Increased initiation and growth of tumor cell lines, cancer stem cells and biopsy material in mice using basement membrane matrix protein (Cultrex or Matrigel) co-injection. Nat Protoc 7(6):1138–1144
Kuperwasser C et al (2004) Reconstruction of functionally normal and malignant human breast tissues in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(14):4966–4971
Kuperwasser C et al (2005) A mouse model of human breast cancer metastasis to human bone. Cancer Res 65(14):6130–6138
Shultz LD, Ishikawa F, Greiner DL (2007) Humanized mice in translational biomedical research. Nat Rev Immunol 7(2):118–130
Brehm MA, Shultz LD (2012) Human allograft rejection in humanized mice: a historical perspective. Cell Mol Immunol 9(3):225–231
Shultz LD et al (2010) Generation of functional human T-cell subsets with HLA-restricted immune responses in HLA class I expressing NOD/SCID/IL2r gamma(null) humanized mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(29):13022–13027
Shultz LD et al (2012) Humanized mice for immune system investigation: progress, promise and challenges. Nat Rev Immunol 12(11):786–798
Katano I et al (2015) Predominant development of mature and functional human NK cells in a novel human IL-2-producing transgenic NOG mouse. J Immunol 194(7):3513–3525
Willinger T et al (2011) Human IL-3/GM-CSF knock-in mice support human alveolar macrophage development and human immune responses in the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(6):2390–2395
van Lent AU et al (2009) IL-7 enhances thymic human T cell development in “human immune system” Rag2−/−IL-2Rgammac−/− mice without affecting peripheral T cell homeostasis. J Immunol 183(12):7645–7655
Rongvaux A et al (2011) Human thrombopoietin knockin mice efficiently support human hematopoiesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(6):2378–2383
Rongvaux A et al (2014) Development and function of human innate immune cells in a humanized mouse model. Nat Biotechnol 32(4):364–372
Dontu G, Ince TA (2015) Of mice and women: a comparative tissue biology perspective of breast stem cells and differentiation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 20(1–2):51–62
Lewandoski M (2001) Conditional control of gene expression in the mouse. Nat Rev Genet 2(10):743–755
Jonkers J, Berns A (2002) Conditional mouse models of sporadic cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2(4):251–265
Vasioukhin V et al (1999) The magical touch: genome targeting in epidermal stem cells induced by tamoxifen application to mouse skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(15):8551–8556
Gunther EJ et al (2002) A novel doxycycline-inducible system for the transgenic analysis of mammary gland biology. FASEB J 16(3):283–292
Sun Y, Chen X, Xiao D (2007) Tetracycline-inducible expression systems: new strategies and practices in the transgenic mouse modeling. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 39(4):235–246
Jonkers J et al (2001) Synergistic tumor suppressor activity of BRCA2 and p53 in a conditional mouse model for breast cancer. Nat Genet 29(4):418–425
Van Keymeulen A et al (2011) Distinct stem cells contribute to mammary gland development and maintenance. Nature 479(7372):189–193
Koren S et al (2015) PIK3CA(H1047R) induces multipotency and multi-lineage mammary tumours. Nature 525(7567):114–118
Van Keymeulen A et al (2015) Reactivation of multipotency by oncogenic PIK3CA induces breast tumour heterogeneity. Nature 525(7567):119–123
Weinstein IB, Joe AK (2006) Mechanisms of disease: oncogene addiction—a rationale for molecular targeting in cancer therapy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 3(8):448–457
Balavenkatraman KK et al (2011) Epithelial protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B contributes to the induction of mammary tumors by HER2/Neu but is not essential for tumor maintenance. Mol Cancer Res 9(10):1377–1384
Wagner KU et al (2001) Spatial and temporal expression of the Cre gene under the control of the MMTV-LTR in different lines of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 10(6):545–553
Pittius CW et al (1988) A milk protein gene promoter directs the expression of human tissue plasminogen activator cDNA to the mammary gland in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85(16):5874–5878
Evers B, Jonkers J (2006) Mouse models of BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiency: past lessons, current understanding and future prospects. Oncogene 25(43):5885–5897
Simin K et al (2004) pRb inactivation in mammary cells reveals common mechanisms for tumor initiation and progression in divergent epithelia. PLoS Biol 2(2):E22
Schulze-Garg C et al (2000) A transgenic mouse model for the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the mammary gland. Oncogene 19(8):1028–1037
Meyer DS et al (2013) Expression of PIK3CA mutant E545K in the mammary gland induces heterogeneous tumors but is less potent than mutant H1047R. Oncogenesis 2:e74
Rios AC et al (2014) In situ identification of bipotent stem cells in the mammary gland. Nature 506(7488):322–327
Liu X et al (2007) Somatic loss of BRCA1 and p53 in mice induces mammary tumors with features of human BRCA1-mutated basal-like breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(29):12111–12116
Teuliere J et al (2005) Targeted activation of beta-catenin signaling in basal mammary epithelial cells affects mammary development and leads to hyperplasia. Development 132(2):267–277
Barker N et al (2007) Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature 449(7165):1003–1007
Barker N et al (2010) Lgr5(+ve) stem cells drive self-renewal in the stomach and build long-lived gastric units in vitro. Cell Stem Cell 6(1):25–36
Barker N et al (2008) Very long-term self-renewal of small intestine, colon, and hair follicles from cycling Lgr5+ve stem cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 73:351–356
Plaks V et al (2013) Lgr5-expressing cells are sufficient and necessary for postnatal mammary gland organogenesis. Cell Rep 3(1):70–78
Green JE et al (2000) The C3(1)/SV40 T-antigen transgenic mouse model of mammary cancer: ductal epithelial cell targeting with multistage progression to carcinoma. Oncogene 19(8):1020–1027
Turksen K et al (1992) Interleukin 6: insights to its function in skin by overexpression in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(11):5068–5072
Whitelaw CB et al (1992) Position-independent expression of the ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene in transgenic mice. Biochem J 286(Pt 1):31–39
Molyneux G et al (2010) BRCA1 basal-like breast cancers originate from luminal epithelial progenitors and not from basal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 7(3):403–417
Melchor L et al (2014) Identification of cellular and genetic drivers of breast cancer heterogeneity in genetically engineered mouse tumour models. J Pathol 233(2):124–137
Palmiter RD et al (1993) Distal regulatory elements from the mouse metallothionein locus stimulate gene expression in transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 13(9):5266–5275
Liang TJ et al (1996) Transgenic expression of tpr-met oncogene leads to development of mammary hyperplasia and tumors. J Clin Invest 97(12):2872–2877
Jeffers M et al (1998) The mutationally activated Met receptor mediates motility and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(24):14417–14422
Tomblyn S et al (2005) The role of human prolactin and its antagonist, G129R, in mammary gland development and DMBA-initiated tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. Int J Oncol 27(5):1381–1389
Futreal PA et al (1994) BRCA1 mutations in primary breast and ovarian carcinomas. Science 266(5182):120–122
Miki Y et al (1994) A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266(5182):66–71
Wooster R et al (1995) Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature 378(6559):789–792
Tavtigian SV et al (1996) The complete BRCA2 gene and mutations in chromosome 13q-linked kindreds. Nat Genet 12(3):333–337
Narod SA, Foulkes WD (2004) BRCA1 and BRCA2: 1994 and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer 4(9):665–676
Xu X et al (1999) Conditional mutation of Brca1 in mammary epithelial cells results in blunted ductal morphogenesis and tumour formation. Nat Genet 22(1):37–43
Brodie SG et al (2001) Multiple genetic changes are associated with mammary tumorigenesis in Brca1 conditional knockout mice. Oncogene 20(51):7514–7523
Lim E et al (2009) Aberrant luminal progenitors as the candidate target population for basal tumor development in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Nat Med 15(8):907–913
Ludwig T et al (2001) Development of mammary adenocarcinomas by tissue-specific knockout of Brca2 in mice. Oncogene 20(30):3937–3948
Cheung AM et al (2004) Brca2 deficiency does not impair mammary epithelium development but promotes mammary adenocarcinoma formation in p53(+/−) mutant mice. Cancer Res 64(6):1959–1965
Slamon DJ et al (1987) Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 235(4785):177–182
Park JW et al (2008) Unraveling the biologic and clinical complexities of HER2. Clin Breast Cancer 8(5):392–401
Hynes NE, MacDonald G (2009) ErbB receptors and signaling pathways in cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21(2):177–184
Lee JW et al (2006) Somatic mutations of ERBB2 kinase domain in gastric, colorectal, and breast carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 12(1):57–61
Kan Z et al (2010) Diverse somatic mutation patterns and pathway alterations in human cancers. Nature 466(7308):869–873
Santarpia L et al (2012) Mutation profiling identifies numerous rare drug targets and distinct mutation patterns in different clinical subtypes of breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 134(1):333–343
Bose R et al (2013) Activating HER2 mutations in HER2 gene amplification negative breast cancer. Cancer Discov 3(2):224–237
Muller WJ et al (1988) Single-step induction of mammary adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice bearing the activated c-neu oncogene. Cell 54(1):105–115
Bouchard L et al (1989) Stochastic appearance of mammary tumors in transgenic mice carrying the MMTV/c-neu oncogene. Cell 57(6):931–936
Andrechek ER et al (2000) Amplification of the neu/erbB-2 oncogene in a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(7):3444–3449
Guy CT et al (1992) Expression of the neu protooncogene in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice induces metastatic disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(22):10578–10582
Siegel PM et al (1994) Novel activating mutations in the neu proto-oncogene involved in induction of mammary tumors. Mol Cell Biol 14(11):7068–7077
Siegel PM et al (1999) Elevated expression of activated forms of Neu/ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 are involved in the induction of mammary tumors in transgenic mice: implications for human breast cancer. EMBO J 18(8):2149–2164
Kwong KY, Hung MC (1998) A novel splice variant of HER2 with increased transformation activity. Mol Carcinog 23(2):62–68
Marchini C et al (2011) The human splice variant Delta16HER2 induces rapid tumor onset in a reporter transgenic mouse. PLoS One 6(4):e18727
Alajati A et al (2013) Mammary tumor formation and metastasis evoked by a HER2 splice variant. Cancer Res 73(17):5320–5327
Wang TC et al (1994) Mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Nature 369(6482):669–671
Akli S et al (2007) Overexpression of the low molecular weight cyclin E in transgenic mice induces metastatic mammary carcinomas through the disruption of the ARF-p53 pathway. Cancer Res 67(15):7212–7222
Sinn E et al (1987) Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: synergistic action of oncogenes in vivo. Cell 49(4):465–475
Shackleford GM et al (1993) Mouse mammary tumor virus infection accelerates mammary carcinogenesis in Wnt-1 transgenic mice by insertional activation of int-2/Fgf-3 and hst/Fgf-4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(2):740–744
Campbell IG et al (2004) Mutation of the PIK3CA gene in ovarian and breast cancer. Cancer Res 64(21):7678–7681
Loi S et al (2010) PIK3CA mutations associated with gene signature of low mTORC1 signaling and better outcomes in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(22):10208–10213
Dunlap J et al (2010) Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and AKT1 mutations occur early in breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120(2):409–418
Koren S, Bentires-Alj M (2013) Mouse models of PIK3CA mutations: one mutation initiates heterogeneous mammary tumors. FEBS J 280(12):2758–2765
Blanpain C (2013) Tracing the cellular origin of cancer. Nat Cell Biol 15(2):126–134
Koren S et al (2015) PIK3CAH1047R induces multipotency and multi-lineage mammary tumors. Nature 525:114–118
Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2012) Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 490(7418):61–70
Lin EY et al (2003) Progression to malignancy in the polyoma middle T oncoprotein mouse breast cancer model provides a reliable model for human diseases. Am J Pathol 163(5):2113–2126
Bertheau P et al (2013) p53 in breast cancer subtypes and new insights into response to chemotherapy. Breast 22(Suppl 2):S27–S29
Lozano G (2010) Mouse models of p53 functions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2(4):a001115
Liu G et al (2000) High metastatic potential in mice inheriting a targeted p53 missense mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(8):4174–4179
Olive KP et al (2004) Mutant p53 gain of function in two mouse models of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cell 119(6):847–860
Lang GA et al (2004) Gain of function of a p53 hot spot mutation in a mouse model of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cell 119(6):861–872
Walerych D et al (2012) The rebel angel: mutant p53 as the driving oncogene in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 33(11):2007–2017
Berx G et al (1995) E-cadherin is a tumour/invasion suppressor gene mutated in human lobular breast cancers. EMBO J 14(24):6107–6115
Derksen PW et al (2006) Somatic inactivation of E-cadherin and p53 in mice leads to metastatic lobular mammary carcinoma through induction of anoikis resistance and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 10(5):437–449
Hollander MC, Blumenthal GM, Dennis PA (2011) PTEN loss in the continuum of common cancers, rare syndromes and mouse models. Nat Rev Cancer 11(4):289–301
Schade B et al (2009) PTEN deficiency in a luminal ErbB-2 mouse model results in dramatic acceleration of mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. J Biol Chem 284(28):19018–19026
Li Y et al (2001) Deficiency of Pten accelerates mammary oncogenesis in MMTV-Wnt-1 transgenic mice. BMC Mol Biol 2:2
Knobbe CB et al (2008) The roles of PTEN in development, physiology and tumorigenesis in mouse models: a tissue-by-tissue survey. Oncogene 27(41):5398–5415
Li G et al (2002) Conditional loss of PTEN leads to precocious development and neoplasia in the mammary gland. Development 129(17):4159–4170
Huijbers IJ et al (2015) Using the GEMM-ESC strategy to study gene function in mouse models. Nat Protoc 10(11):1755–1785
Doyle A et al (2012) The construction of transgenic and gene knockout/knockin mouse models of human disease. Transgenic Res 21(2):327–349
Platt RJ et al (2014) CRISPR-Cas9 knockin mice for genome editing and cancer modeling. Cell 159(2):440–455
Sanchez-Rivera FJ et al (2014) Rapid modelling of cooperating genetic events in cancer through somatic genome editing. Nature 516(7531):428–431
Cardiff RD et al (2000) The mammary pathology of genetically engineered mice: the consensus report and recommendations from the Annapolis meeting. Oncogene 19(8):968–988
Hollern DP, Andrechek ER (2014) A genomic analysis of mouse models of breast cancer reveals molecular features of mouse models and relationships to human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 16(3):R59
Cardiff RD (2001) Validity of mouse mammary tumour models for human breast cancer: comparative pathology. Microsc Res Tech 52(2):224–230
Cardiff RD (2003) Mouse models of human breast cancer. Comp Med 53(3):250–253
Richmond A, Su Y (2008) Mouse xenograft models vs GEM models for human cancer therapeutics. Dis Model Mech 1(2–3):78–82
Acknowledgments
We thank Robert D. Cardiff and Daniel Medina for critical reading of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Couto, J.P., Bentires-Alj, M. (2017). Mouse Models of Breast Cancer: Deceptions that Reveal the Truth. In: Veronesi, U., Goldhirsch, A., Veronesi, P., Gentilini, O., Leonardi, M. (eds) Breast Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48846-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48848-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)