Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

How to Manage Complications in Breast Reconstruction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Breast Cancer

  • 124k Accesses

Abstract

Breast surgery is associated with a very low postoperative complication rate and even lower mortality rate. Furthermore, immediate reconstruction has been shown to be safe in terms of surveillance for recurrent cancer and timing of systemic treatment delivery. This supports the broadened access to reconstruction. Even though complication rate is low, it represents an important indicator of the quality of surgical care. An accurate preoperative planning is crucial to reduce surgeon’s mistakes that can lead to complications.

When complications occur, their quick identification and an appropriate management are mandatory to lower patient morbidity and improve final outcomes. Not all complications lead to surgical failure if adequately treated. Finally, a strict follow-up of complicated patients is recommended, including an effective communication to patients and a good relationship, necessary to avoid legal litigations.

In this chapter we focus on the main complications after reconstruction and their management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Al-Hilli Z, Thomsen KM, Habermann EB, Jakub JW, Boughey JC (2015) Reoperation for complications after lumpectomy and mastectomy for breast cancer from the 2012 national Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Ann Surg Oncol 22(3):459–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. El Tamer MB, Ward BM, Schifftner T, Neumayer L, Khuri S, Henderson W (2007) Morbidity and mortality following breast cancer surgery in women: national benchmarks for standards of care. Ann Surg 245:665–671

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Merchant SJ, Goldstein L, Kruper LL (2015) Patterns and trends in immediate postmastectomy reconstruction in California: complications and unscheduled readmissions. Plast Reconstr Surg 136(1):10e–19e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Petit JY, Gentilini O, Rotmensz N, Rey P, Rietjens M, Garusi C, Botteri E, De Lorenzi F, Martella S, Bosco R, Khuthaila DK, Luini A (2008) Oncological results of immediate breast reconstruction: long term follow-up of a large series at a single institution. Breast Cancer Res Treat 112(3):545–549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ker K, Roberts I (2014) Tranexamic acid for surgical bleeding. BMJ 349:g4934

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ausen K, Fossmark R, Spugset O, Pleym H (2015) Randomized clinical trial of topical tranexamic acid after reduction mammoplasty. Br J Surg 102:1348–1353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Seth AK, Kim JYS (2010) Acute sympomatic hematoma with defined etiology seven years after breast reconstruction: a case report and literature review. Can J Plast Surg 18(2):e27–e29

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Cheng NX, Chen B, Li Q, Wu DH, Zhu L, Zhang XM, Chen YL (2011) Late hematoma and seroma in patients with silicone mammary prosthesis: our reports and literature review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 64:e185–e186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Brooker JE, Wong KY, Malata CM (2014) Spontaneous late haematomas at latissimus dorsi flap donor sites: an unusual complication of breast reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 68:e40–e42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Warren Peled A, Foster RD, Stover AC, Itakura K, Ewing CA, Alvarado M, Hwang ES, Esserman LJ (2012) Outcomes after total skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction in 657 breasts. Ann Surg Oncol 19(11):3402–3409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Nguyen TJ, Costa MA, Vidar EN et al (2012) Effect of immediate reconstruction on postmastectomy surgical site infection. Ann Surg 256:326–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Costa MA, Rommer E, Peric M, Nguyen TJ, Shahabi A, Davis GB, Vidar EN, Chain LS, Wong AK (2013) Incidence of surgical-site infection is not affected by method of immediate breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 132(1):20e–29e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Nahabedian MY, Tsangaris T, Momen B, Manson PN (2003) Infectious complications following breast reconstruction with expanders and implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 112(2):467–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yii NW, Khoo CTK (2003) Salvage of infected expander prostheses in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 111(3):1087–1092

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chun JK, Schulman MR (2007) The infected breast prosthesis after mastectomy reconstruction: successful salvage of nine implants in eight consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 120(3):581–589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Spear SL, Seruya M (2010) Management of the infected or exposed breast prosthesis: a single surgeon’s 15-year experience with 69 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 125(4):1074–1084

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Spear SL, Howard MA, Boehmler JH, Ducic I, Low M, Abbruzzese MR (2004) The infected or exposed breast implant: management and treatment strategies. Plast Reconstr Surg 113(6):1634–1644

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bennett SPH, Fitoussi AD, Berry MG, Couturaud B, Salmon RJ (2011) Management of exposed, infected implant-based breast reconstruction and strategies for salvage. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 64:1270–1277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Clough KB, Lewis J, Couturaud B, Fitoussi A, Nos C, Falcou MC (2003) Oncoplastic techniques allow extensive resections for breast-conserving therapy of breast carcinomas. Ann Surg 237(1):26–34

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Semprini G, Cattin F, Vaienti L, Brizzolari M, Cedolini C, Partodi PC (2013) Oncoplastic surgery and cancer relapse: cosmetic an oncological results in 489 patients. Breast 22:946–951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dolan R, Patel M, Weiler-Mithoff E, Mansell J, Stallard S, Doughty JC, Romics L (2015) Imaging results following oncoplastic and standard breast conserving surgery. Breast Care (Basel) 10(5):325–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tenofsky PL, Dowell P, Topalowski T, Helemer SD (2014) Surgical, oncologic and cosmetic differences between oncoplastic and nononcoplastic breast conserving surgery in breast cancer patients. Am J Surg 207(3):398–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Clough KB, Kaufman GJ, Nos C, Buccimazza I, Sarfati IM (2010) Improving breast cancer surgery: a classification and quadrant per quadrant atlas for oncoplastic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 17:1375–1391

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. American College of Radiology (2003) Breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS). American College of Radiology, Reston, VA

    Google Scholar 

  25. Vargas CR, Koolen PG, Anderson KE, Paul MA, Tobias AM, Lin SJ, Lee BT (2015) Mastectomy skin necrosis after microsurgical breast reconstruction. J Surg Res 198:530–534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Padubidri AN, Yetman R, Browne E, Lucas A, Papay F, Larive B, Zins J (2001) Complications of postmastectomy breast recontructions in smokers, ex-smokers and nonsmokers. Plast Reconstr Surg 107(2):342–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chang DW, Reece GP, Wang B, Robb GL, Miller MJ, Evans GRD, Langstein HN (2000) Effect of smoking on complications in patients undergoing free TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 105(7):2374–2380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Peled AW, Foster RD, Ligh ELJ, Fowble B, Sbitany H (2014) Impact of total skin-sparing mastectomy incision type on reconstructive complications following radiation therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 134:169–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Matsen CB, Mehara B, Eaton A, Capko D, Berg A, Stempel M, van Zee KJ, Pusic A, King TA, Cody HS III, Pilewskie M, Cordero P, Sclafani L, Plitas G, Gemignani ML, Disa J, El-Tamer M, Morrow M (2016) Skin flap necrosis after mastectomy with reconstruction: a prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol 23(1):257–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Davison SP, Kessler CM, Al-Attar A (2009) Microvascular free flap failure caused by unrecognised hypercoagulability. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:490–495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Senchenkov A, Lemaine V, Tran NV (2015) Management of perioperative microvascular thrombotic complications – the use of multiagent anticoagulation algorithm in 395 consecutive free flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 68:1293–1303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mirzabeigi MN, Wilson AJ, Fischer JP, Basta M, Kancwala S, Kovach SJ, Serletti JM, Wu LC (2015) Predicting and managing donor-site wound complications in abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction: improved outcomes with early reoperative closure. Plast Reconstr Surg 135(1):14–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bovill E, Banwell PE, Teot L, Eriksson E, Song C, Mahoney J, Gustafsson R, Horch R, Deva A, Whitworth I (2008) International advisory panel on topical negative pressure. Topical negative pressure wound therapy: a review of its role and guidelines for its use in the management of acute wounds. Int Wound J 5:511–529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Marzano AV, Ishak RS, Saibeni S, Crosti C, Pl M, Cugno M (2013) Autoinflammatory skin disorders in inflammatory bowel disease, pyoderma gangrenosum and Sweet’s syndrome: a comprehensive review and disease classification criteria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:202–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tolkachjov SN, Fahy AS, Wetter DA, Brough KR, Bridges AG, Davis MD, El-Azhary RA, McEvoy MT, Camilleri MJ (2015) Postoperative pyoderma gangrenosum (PG): the Mayo Clinic experience of 20 years from 1994 through 2014. J Am Acad Dermatol 73(4):615–622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tuffaha SH, Sarhane KA, Mundinfer GS, Broyles JM, Reddy SK, Azoury SC, Seal S, Cooney DS, Bonawits SC (2016) Pyoderma gangrenosum after breast surgery. Diagnostic pearls and treatment recommendations based on a systematic literature review. Ann Plast Surg 77(2):e39–e44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Zuo KJ, Fung E, Tredget EE, Lin AN (2015) A systematic review of post-surgical pyoderma gangrenosum: identification of risk factors and proposed management strategy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 68:295–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Miranda BH, Amin K, Chana JS (2014) The drain game: back drains for latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 67:226–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Teisch LF, Gerth DJ, Tashiro J, Golpanian S, Thaller SR (2015) Latissimus dorsi flap versus pedicled transevrse rectus abdominis myocutaneous breast reconstruction: outcomes. J Surg Res 199:274–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Shin LS, Lee DW, Lee DH (2012) Efficacy of quilting sutures and fibrin sealant together for prevention of seroma in extended latissimus dorsi flap donor sites. Arch Plast Surg 39:509–513

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Maxwell GP, Van Natta BW, Bengtson BP, Murphy DK (2015) Ten-year results from the Natrelle 410 anatomical form-stable silicone breast implant core study. Aesthet Surg J 35(2):145–155

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Kim B, Roth C, Chung KC, Young VL, van Busum K, Schnyer C, Mattke S (2011) Anaplastic large cell lymphoma and breast implants: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg 127:2141–2150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Miranda RN, Aladily TN, Prince HM et al (2014) Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: long-term follow up of 60 patients. J Clin Oncol 32(2):114–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gidengil CA, Predmore Z, Mattke S, van Busum K, Kim B (2015) Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg 135(3):713–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Brody GS, Deapen D, Taylor CR, Pinter-Brown L, House-Lightner SR, Andersen JS, Carlson G, Lechner MG, Epstein AL (2015) Anaplastic large cell lymphoma occurring in women with breast implants: analysis of 173 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 135(3):695–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hall-Findlay EJ (2011) Breast implant complication review: double capsules and late seromas. Plast Reconstr Surg 127(1):56–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pajkos A, Deva AK, Vickery K, Cope C, Chang L, Cossart YE (2003) Detection of subclinical infection in significant breast implant capsules. Plast Reconstr Surg 111:1605–1611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wirth GA, Brenner KA, Sundine MJ (2007) Delayed silicone breast implant infection with mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. Aesthet Surg J 27:167–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Spear SL, Rottman SJ, Glickman C, Brown M, Al-Attar A (2012) late seromas after breast implants. Theory and practice. Plast Reconstr Surg 130(2):423–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bengtson B, Brody GS, Brown MH, Glicksman C, Hammond D, Klapan H, Maxwell GP, Oefelein MG, Reisman NR, Spear SL, Jewell ML (2011) Managing late periprosthetic fluid collections (seroma) in patients with breast implants: a consensus panel recommendation and review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 128:1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Selber JC, Samra F, Bristol M, Sonnad SS, Wu L, Serletti JM (2008) A head-to-head comparison between the muscle-sparing free TRAM and the SIEA flaps: is the rate of flap loss worth the gain in abdominal wall function? Plast Reconstr Surg 122:348–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Chang EI, Chang EI, Soto-Miranda MA, Zhang H, Nosrati N, Robb GL, Chang DW (2013) Comprehensive analysis of donor-site morbidity in abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 132(6):1383–1391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Giordano S, Kaariainen K, Alavaikko J, Kaistila T, Kuokkanen H (2011) Latissimus dorsi free flap harvesting may affect the shoulder join in long run. Scand J Surg 100:202–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Glassey N, Gb P, McCulley SJ (2008) A prospective assessment of shoulder morbidity and recovery time scales following latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 122:1334–1340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. de Oliveira RR, do Nascimento SL, Derchain SF, Sarian LO (2013) Immediate breast reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi flap has no detrimental effects on shoulder motion or postsurgical complications up to 1 year after surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 131:673e–680e

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lee KT, Mum GH (2014) A systematic review of functional donor-site morbidity after latissimus dorsi muscle transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg 134:303–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Disa JJ, Ad-El DD, Cohen SM, Cordeiro PG, Hidalgo DA (1999) The premature removal of tissue expanders in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:1662–1665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Holmich LR, Friis S, Fryzek JP, Vejborg IM, Conrad C, Sletting S, Kjoller K, McLaughin JK, Olsen JH (2003) Incidence of silicone breast implant rupture. Arch Surg 138:801–806

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Maijers MC, Niessen FB (2013) The clinical and diagnostic consequences of Poly Implant Prothese silicone breast implants, recalled from the European market in 2010. Plast Reconstr Surg 131(3):394e–402e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hammond DC, Migliori MM, Caplin DA, Garcia ME, Phillips CA (2012) Mentor Contour profile gel implants: clinical outcomes at 6 Years. Plast Reconstr Surg 129(6):1381–1391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Caplin DA (2014) Indications for the use of MemoryShape breast implants in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery: long-term clinical outcomes of shaped versus round silicone breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 134(3S):27S–37S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Caplin DA, Vargo JM, Canady J, Hammond D (2014) Long-term clinical performance of memoryShape silicone breast implants in breast augmentation: prospective data through 9 years. Plast Reconstr Surg 134(4S-I):92–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Rietjens M, Villa G, Toesca A, Rizzo S, Raimondi S, Rossetto F, Sangalli C, De Lorenzi F, Manconi A, Zucca-Matthes AG, Chahuan B, Brenelli F, Bellomi M, Petit JY (2014) Appropriate use of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound to detect early silicone gel implant rupture in postmastectomy reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 134:13–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Clough KB, O’Donoghue JM, Fitoussi AD, Nos C, Falcon MC (2001) Prospective evaluation of late cosmetic results following breast reconstruction: I. Implant reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 107(7):1702–1709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Barnsley GP, Sigurdon LJ, Barnsley SE (2006) Textured surface breast implants in the prevention of capsular contracture among breast augmentation patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:2182–2190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wong C (2006) samuel M, Tan BK, Song C. capsular contracture in subglandular breast augmentation with textured versus smooth breast implants: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg 118:1224–1236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Fodor J, Gulyas G, Polgar C, Major T, Kasler M (2003) Radiotherapy and breast reconstrcution: the issue of compatibility. Orv Hetil 144(12):549–555

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Virden CP, Dobke MK, Stein P, Parson CL, Frank DH (1999) Subclinical infection of the silicone breast implant surfaces as a possible cause of capsular contracture. Aesthetic Plast Surg 23:197–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Bastos EM, Neto MS, Alves MT, Garcia EB, Santos RA, Heink T, Pereira JB, Ferreira LM (2007) Histologic analysis of zafirlukast’s effect on capsule formation around silicone implants. Aesthetic Plast Surg 31:559–565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Graf R, Ascenco AS, Freitas Rda S, Balbinot P, Peressutti C, Costa DF, Dos Santos FH, Ratti MA, Hulchetschi RM (2015) Prevention of capsular contracture using leukotriene anatgonists. Plast Reconstr Surg 136(5):592e–596e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Flugstad NA, Jn P, Baxter RA, Creasman C, Egraìri S, Martin S, Mesa CA 3rd, Oliva A, Schlesinger SL, Kortesis BG (2016) Does implant insertion with a funnel decrease capsular contracture? A preliminary report. Aesthet Surg J 36(5):550–556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Basu CB, Jeffers L (2012) The role of acellular dermal matrices in capsular contracture: a review of the evidence. Plast Reconstr Surg 130(5S2):118s–125S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Vardanian AJ, Clayton JL, Roostaeian J, Shirvanian V, Da Lio A, Lipa JE, Crisera C, Festekjan JH (2011) Comparison of implant-based immediate breast reconstruction with and without acellular dermal matrix. Plast Reconstr Surg 128:403e–410e

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gascoigne AC, Malata CM (2012) Pleural damage during capsulectomy and exchange of long-lasting breast implants in Poland syndrome. A cautionary tale. Ann Plast Surg 69(2):148–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gandamihardja TA, Chew BK, Weiler-Mithoff EM (2013) Pneumothorax following extended latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction: rare complication or coincidence? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 66(10):1442–1444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Schneider LF, Albornoz CR, Huang J, Cordeiro PG (2014) Incidence of pneumothorax during tissue expander-implant reconstruction and algorithm for intraoperative management. Ann Plast Surg 73(3):279–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Kim EK, Eom JS, Ahn SH, Son BH, Lee TJ (2009) The efficacy of prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent pulmonary thromboembolism in immediate breast reconstruction using the TRAM flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 123(1):9–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gart MS, Smentona JT, Hanwright PJ, Hanwright PJ, Fine NA, Bethke KP, Khan SA, Wang E, Kin JY (2013) Autologous options for postmastectomy breast reconstruction: a comparison of outcomes based on the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. J Am Coll Surg 216:229–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Abs R (2000) Thromboembolism in plastic surgery: review of the literature and proposal of a prophylaxis algorithm. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 45(6):604–609

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Institute of Oncology—IEO, Via Ripamonti, 435, Milan, 20141, Italy

    Francesca De Lorenzi M.D., Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Francesca De Lorenzi M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesca De Lorenzi M.D., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. European Institutee of Oncology, Milan, Italy

    Umberto Veronesi

  2. European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

    Aron Goldhirsch

  3. European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

    Paolo Veronesi

  4. San Raffaele University and Research Hospital, Milano, Italy

    Oreste Davide Gentilini

  5. European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

    Maria Cristina Leonardi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

De Lorenzi, F. (2017). How to Manage Complications in Breast Reconstruction. In: Veronesi, U., Goldhirsch, A., Veronesi, P., Gentilini, O., Leonardi, M. (eds) Breast Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_41

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48846-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48848-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation