Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of primary breast cancer, metastatic spread of the disease remains a substantial clinical burden. Nearly 30% of breast cancer patients already have tumour spread to regional lymph nodes at diagnosis, and 5% will have metastases at presentation [1]. The prevalence of metastatic disease has increased along with the duration of survival, with some 20% of patients developing metastases during the course of the disease [2].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
National Cancer Institute. SEER fact sheet for breast cancer
American Cancer Society (2013) Breast cancer facts and figures. Internet
Kennecke H, Yerushalmi R, Woods R, Cheang MC, Voduc D, Speers CH, Nielsen TO, Gelmon K (2010) Metastatic behavior of breast cancer subtypes. J Clin Oncol 28(20):3271–3277
Ibrahim T (2013) A new emergency in oncology: bone metastases in breast cancer patients (Review). Oncol Lett 6(2):306–310. doi:10.3892/ol.2013.1372
Coleman RE (2006) Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity. Clin Cancer Res 12(20):6243s–6249s
Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G et al (1993) The functional assessment of cancer therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol 11(3):570–579
Chuthapisith S, Eremin JM, Eremin O (2008) Predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: molecular imaging, systemic biomarkers and the cancer metabolome (Review). Oncol Rep 20(4):699–703
Tampellini M, Berruti A, Bitossi R et al (2006) Prognostic significance of changes in CA 15-3 serum levels during chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 98(3):241–248
Duffy MJ, Evoy D, McDermott EW (2010) CA 15-3: uses and limitation as a biomarker for breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 411(23–24):1869–1874
Brown JE, Cook RJ, Lipton A et al (2010) Prognostic factors for skeletal complications from metastatic bone disease in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 123(3):767–779
Lipton A, Cook R, Saad F et al (2008) Normalization of bone markers is associated with improved survival in patients with bone metastases from solid tumors and elevated bone resorption receiving zoledronic acid. Cancer 113(1):193–201
Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ et al (2004) Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 351(8):781–791
Budd GT, Cristofanilli M, Ellis MJ et al (2006) Circulating tumor cells versus imaging—predicting overall survival in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12(21):6403–6409
Smerage JB, Barlow WE, Hortobagyi GN et al (2014) Circulating tumor cells and response to chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: SWOG S0500. J Clin Oncol 32(31):3483–3489. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.56.2561
Dawson S-J, Tsui DWY, Murtaza M et al (2013) Analysis of circulating tumor DNA to monitor metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 368(13):1199–1209
Cardoso F, Costa A, Norton L et al (2012) 1st International consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 1). Breast 21(3):242–252
Buscombe JR, Holloway B, Roche N, Bombardieri E (2004) Position of nuclear medicine modalities in the diagnostic work-up of breast cancer. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 48(2):109–118
Even-Sapir E (2005) Imaging of malignant bone involvement by morphologic, scintigraphic, and hybrid modalities. J Nucl Med 46(8):1356–1367
Ben-Haim S, Israel O (2009) Breast cancer: role of SPECT and PET in imaging bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med 39(6):408–415
Brenner AI, Koshy J, Morey J et al (2012) The bone scan. Semin Nucl Med 42(1):11–26
Vogel CL, Schoenfelder J, Shemano I et al (1995) Worsening bone scan in the evaluation of antitumor response during hormonal therapy of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 13(5):1123–1128
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2009) Advanced breast cancer
Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J et al (2009) New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 45(2):228–247
Hamaoka T, Costelloe CM, Madewell JE et al (2010) Tumour response interpretation with new tumour response criteria vs the World Health Organisation criteria in patients with bone-only metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 102(4):651–657
Torigian DA, Huang SS, Houseni M, Alavi A (2007) Functional imaging of cancer with emphasis on molecular techniques. CA Cancer J Clin 57(4):206–224
Iagaru A, Mittra E, Mosci C et al (2013) Combined 18F-Fluoride and 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning for evaluation of malignancy: results of an international multicenter trial. J Nucl Med 54(2):176–183
Yang H-L, Liu T, Wang X-M et al (2011) Diagnosis of bone metastases: a metaanalysis comparing 18FDG PET, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy. Eur Radiol 21(12):2604–2617
Lin NU, Thomssen C, Cardoso F et al (2013) International guidelines for management of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) from the European School of Oncology (ESO)-MBC Task Force: surveillance, staging, and evaluation of patients with early-stage and metastatic breast cancer. Breast 22(3):203–210
Dehdashti F, Flanagan FL, Mortimer JE et al (1999) Positron emission tomographic assessment of “metabolic flare” to predict response of metastatic breast cancer to antiestrogen therapy. Eur J Nucl Med 26(1):51–56
Mortimer JE, Dehdashti F, Siegel BA et al (2001) Metabolic flare: indicator of hormone responsiveness in advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 19(11):2797–2803
Xu GZ, Li CY, Zhao L, He ZY (2012) Comparison of FDG whole-body PET/CT and gadolinium-enhanced whole-body MRI for distant malignancies in patients with malignant tumors: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 24(1):96–101
Li B, Li Q, Nie W, Liu S (2014) Diagnostic value of whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for detection of primary and metastatic malignancies: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 83(2):338–344
Lecouvet FE, Larbi A, Pasoglou V et al (2013) MRI for response assessment in metastatic bone disease. Eur Radiol 23(7):1986–1997
Ollivier L (2006) Improving the interpretation of bone marrow imaging in cancer patients. Cancer Imaging 6(1):194–198
Takahara T, Imai Y, Yamashita T et al (2004) Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS): technical improvement using free breathing, STIR and high resolution 3D display. Radiat Med 22(4):275–282
Kwee TC, Takahara T, Ochiai R et al (2009) Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 70(3):409–417
Padhani AR, Gogbashian A (2011) Bony metastases: assessing response to therapy with whole-body diffusion MRI. Cancer Imaging 11(1A):S129–S154
Yankeelov TE, Arlinghaus LR, Li X, Gore JC (2011) The role of magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in clinical trials of treatment response in cancer. Semin Oncol 38(1):16–25
Koh DM, Blackledge M, Padhani AR et al (2012) Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI: tips, tricks, and pitfalls. Am J Roentgenol 199(2):252–262
Wu L-M, Gu H-Y, Zheng J et al (2011) Diagnostic value of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging 34(1):128–135
Kwee TC, Takahara T, Niwa T (2010) Diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body signal suppression facilitates detection and evaluation of an anterior rib contusion. Clin Imaging 34:298–301
Messiou C, Collins DJ, Morgan VA, Desouza NM (2011) Optimising diffusion weighted MRI for imaging metastatic and myeloma bone disease and assessing reproducibility. Eur Radiol 21:1713–1718
Eiber M, Holzapfel K, Ganter C et al (2011) Whole-body MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for patients with recurring prostate cancer: technical feasibility and assessment of lesion conspicuity in DWI. J Magn Reson Imaging 33:1160–1170
Bin L, Qiong L, Wei N, Shiyuan L (2014) Diagnostic value of whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for detection of primary and metastatic malignancies: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 83(2):338–344
Hardie AD, Naik M, Hecht EM, Chandarana H, Mannelli L, Babb JS, Taouli B (2010) Diagnosis of liver metastases: value of diffusion-weighted MRI compared with gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol 20(6):1431–1441
Kwast AB et al (2012) Histological type is not an independent prognostic factor for the risk pattern of breast cancer recurrences. Breast Cancer Res Treat 135(1):271–280
Montagna E, Peccatori F, Petralia G, Tomasi Cont N, Iorfida M, Colleoni M (2014) Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging, metastatic breast cancer and pregnancy: a case report. Breast 23(3):295–296
Oto A, Ernst R, Jesse MK, Chaljub G, Saade G (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis in the evaluation of pregnant patients with neoplasms. Am J Perinatol 24(4):243–250
Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (2007) Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 357(22):2277–2284
Kanda T, Ishii K, Kawaguchi H, Kitajima K, Takenaka D (2014) High signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images: relationship with increasing cumulative dose of a gadolinium-based contrast material. Radiology 270(3):834–841
Padhani AR, Makris A, Gall P, Collins DJ, Tunariu N, de Bono JS (2014) Therapy monitoring of skeletal metastases with whole-body diffusion MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 39:1049–1078
Messiou C, Collins DJ, Giles S, et al (2011) Assessing response in bone metastases in prostate cancer with diffusion MRI. In Proceedings of 19th annual meeting ISMRM, Montreal, p 336
Padhani AR, Koh DM (2011) Diffusion MR imaging for monitoring of treatment response. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 19:181–209
Edinger AL, Thompson CB (2004) Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16:663–669
Messiou C, Collins DJ, Giles S, de Bono JS, Bianchini D, de Souza NM (2011) Assessing response in bone metastases in prostate cancer with diffusion weighted MRI. Eur Radiol 10:2169–2177
Hillengass J, Bauerle T, Bartl R et al (2011) Diffusion-weighted imaging for non-invasive and quantitative monitoring of bone marrow infiltration in patients with monoclonal plasma cell disease: a comparative study with histology. Br J Haematol 153:721–728
Chan JH, Peh WC, Tsui EY et al (2002) Acute vertebral body compression fractures: discrimination between benign and malignant causes using apparent diffusion coefficients. Br J Radiol 75:207–214
Padhani AR, Van Ree K, Collins DL, D’Sa S, Makris A (2013) Assessing the relationship between bone marrow signal intensity and apparent diffusion coefficient on diffusion weighted MRI. Am J Roentgenol 200(1):163–170
Chen WT, Shih TT, Chen RC et al (2002) Blood perfusion of vertebral lesions evaluated with gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MRI: in comparison with compression fracture and metastasis. J Magn Reson Imaging 15:308–314
Pui MH, Mitha A, Rae WI, Corr P (2005) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of spinal infection and malignancy. J Neuroimaging 15:164–170
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the valuable contribution of Fabio Zugni (MD) in writing, literature search and figures editing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Petralia, G., Padhani, A.R. (2017). One-Step Systemic Staging for Patients with Breast Cancer. In: Veronesi, U., Goldhirsch, A., Veronesi, P., Gentilini, O., Leonardi, M. (eds) Breast Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48846-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48848-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)