Skip to main content

War-Related Dermatoses

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Atlas of Dermatology, Dermatopathology and Venereology

Abstract

The skin is the largest organ and the first defense barrier of the body. It can be affected during wars in many different ways including contact with chemical war agents (such as sulfur mustard, lewisite, and white phosphorus) and biological agents (such as anthrax and smallpox). Limb amputation is also a common lifelong sequelae of war traumas, which can lead to various skin problems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Almassi F, Emadi N, Mousavi B, Masumi M, Souroush MR (2010) Dermatosis contributing factors in bilateral lower limb war-amputees. Pak J Biol Sci 13(2):78–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balali-Mood M, Hefazi M (2005) The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 19(3):297–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balali-Mood M, Hefazi M (2006) Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 99(4):273–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill JD (2006) Anthrax. In: Antosia RE, Cahill JD (eds) Handbook of bioterrorism and disaster medicine. Springer Science Business Media, LLC, Boston, pp 101–104

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Davoudi SM, Keshavarz S, Sadr B, Shohrati M, Naghizadeh MM, Farsinejad K, Rashighi-Firouzabadi M, Zartab H, Firooz A (2009) Skin hydration and trans-epidermal water loss in patients with a history of sulfur mustard contact: a case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23(8):940–944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emadi SN, Hosseini-Khalili A, Soroush MR, Davoodi SM, Aghamiri SS (2008a) Mustard gas scarring with specific pigmentary, trophic and vascular characteristics (case report, 16-year post-exposure). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 69(3):574–576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emadi SN, Mortazavi M, Mortazavi H (2008b) Late cutaneous manifestations 14 to 20 years after wartime exposure to sulfur mustard gas: a long-term investigation. Arch Dermatol 144(8):1059–1061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emadi SN, Moeineddin F, Sorush M (2009) Urinary and cutaneous complications of sulphur mustard poisoning preceding pulmonary and ocular involvement: an unusual sequence of symptoms. Clin Exp Dermatol 34(5):e7–e10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emadi SN, Kaffashi M, Poursaleh Z, Akhavan-Moghaddam J, Soroush MR, Emadi SE, Taghavi NO (2011) Sulfur mustard-induced poikiloderma: a case report. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 30(2):170–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evison D, Hinsley D, Rice P (2002) Chemical weapons. BMJ 324(7333):332–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Firooz A, Komeili A, Dowlati Y (1999) Eruptive melanocytic nevi and cherry angiomas secondary to exposure to sulfur mustard gas. J Am Acad Dermatol 40(4):646–647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Firooz A, Sadr B, Davoudi SM, Nassiri-Kashani M, Panahi Y, Dowlati Y (2011) Long term skin damage due to chemical weapon exposure. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 30(1):64–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghanei M, Poursaleh Z, Harandi AA, Emadi SE, Emadi SN (2010) Acute and chronic effects of sulfur mustard on the skin: a comprehensive review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 29(4):269–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodrich JM (2006) Smallpox: virology, clinical presentation, and prevention. In: Khardori N (ed) Bioterrorism preparedness medicine – public health – policy. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, pp 93–121

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Guarner J, Zaki SR (2006) Histopathology and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of bioterrorism agents 54(1): 3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Harchelroad FP Jr (2006) Smallpox. In: Antosia RE, Cahill JD (eds) Handbook of bioterrorism and disaster medicine. Springer Science Business Media, LLC, Boston, pp 105–107

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Khardori N (2006) Anthrax: bacteriology, clinical presentations, and management. In: Khardori N (ed) Bioterrorism preparedness medicine – public health – policy. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, pp 123–145

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon CC, Beck MH (2012) Skin problems in amputees. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K (eds) Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine, 8th edn. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, p 1095

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon CC, Kulkarni J, Zimerson E, Van Ross E, Beck MH (2000) Skin disorders in amputees. J Am Acad Dermatol 42(13):501–507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meulenbelt HE, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU, Jonkman MF (2007) Skin problems in lower limb amputees: an overview by case reports. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21(2):147–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Momeni AZ, Enshaeih S, Meghdadi M, Amindjavaheri M (1992) Skin manifestations of mustard gas: a clinical study of 535 patients exposed to mustard gas. Arch Dermatol 128(6):775–780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weibrecht K, Rhyee S, Manuell ME, Longo C, Boyer EW, Brush E (2012) Sulfur mustard exposure presenting to a community emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 59(1):70–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alireza Firooz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Firooz, A., Nassiri-Kashani, M., Davoudi, S.M., Emadi, S.N. (2018). War-Related Dermatoses. In: Smoller, B., Bagherani, N. (eds) Atlas of Dermatology, Dermatopathology and Venereology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45134-3_61-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45134-3_61-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45134-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45134-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics