Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comorbidity in Aging and Cancer

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Geriatric Oncology

  • 165 Accesses

Abstract

Comorbidity, the presence of coexisting diseases, is common in older adults with cancer. However, measurement of comorbidity is challenging due to its manifold presentation; numerous measures have been developed and validated, but there is no “gold standard” for comorbidity measurement in patients with cancer. However, a few tools have been developed specifically for quantification of comorbidity in older adults and/or patients with cancer. Comorbidity has complex interactions with cancer risk, prognosis, cancer treatment decisions, and tolerability of cancer treatment. For older adults in particular, comorbidity can imply “competing risks” for mortality and therefore a projected lack of benefit for anticancer therapies; on the other hand, comorbidity is not always associated with worse outcomes from these therapies. Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) along with assessment of patients’ goals and overall life expectancy can assist with decision-making in older adults with cancer and comorbidity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahern TP, Lash TL, Thwin SS, Silliman RA. Impact of acquired comorbidities on all-cause mortality rates among older breast cancer survivors. Med Care. 2009;47:73–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ahles TA, Root JC, Ryan EL. Cancer- and cancer treatment-associated cognitive change: an update on the state of the science. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3675–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albertsen PC, Fryback DG, Storer BE, Kolon TF, Fine J. The impact of co-morbidity on life expectancy among men with localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1996;156:127–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alibhai SM, Breunis H, Timilshina N, et al. Impact of androgen-deprivation therapy on physical function and quality of life in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28:5038–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American College of O-G. Practice bulletin no. 122: breast cancer screening. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118:372–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ash A, Porell F, Gruenberg L, Sawitz E, Beiser A. Adjusting medicare capitation payments using prior hospitalization data. Health Care Financ Rev. 1989;10:17–29.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Asmis TR, Ding K, Seymour L, et al. Age and comorbidity as independent prognostic factors in the treatment of non small-cell lung cancer: a review of National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group trials. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26:54–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augschoell J, Kemmler G, Hamaker ME, Stauder R. PPT and VES-13 in elderly patients with cancer: evaluation in multidimensional geriatric assessment and prediction of survival. J Geriatr Oncol. 2014;5:415–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin LM, Klabunde CN, Green P, Barlow W, Wright G. In search of the perfect comorbidity measure for use with administrative claims data: does it exist? Med Care. 2006;44:745–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellera CA, Rainfray M, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, et al. Screening older cancer patients: first evaluation of the G-8 geriatric screening tool. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:2166–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Billmeier SE, Ayanian JZ, He Y, Jaklitsch MT, Rogers SO. Predictors of nursing home admission, severe functional impairment, or death one year after surgery for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg. 2013;257:555–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco JA, Toste IS, Alvarez RF, Cuadrado GR, Gonzalvez AM, Martin IJ. Age, comorbidity, treatment decision and prognosis in lung cancer. Age Ageing. 2008;37:715–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blustein J, Weiss LJ. The use of mammography by women aged 75 and older: factors related to health, functioning, and age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:941–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchardy C, Rapiti E, Fioretta G, et al. Undertreatment strongly decreases prognosis of breast cancer in elderly women. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3580–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulos DL, Groome PA, Brundage MD, et al. Predictive validity of five comorbidity indices in prostate carcinoma patients treated with curative intent. Cancer. 2006;106:1804–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd CM, Darer J, Boult C, Fried LP, Boult L, Wu AW. Clinical practice guidelines and quality of care for older patients with multiple comorbid diseases: implications for pay for performance. JAMA. 2005;294:716–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley CJ, Dahman B, Anscher M. Prostate cancer treatment and survival: evidence for men with prevalent comorbid conditions. Med Care. 2014;52:482–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite D, Moore DH, Satariano WA, et al. Prognostic impact of comorbidity among long-term breast cancer survivors: results from the LACE study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2012;21:1115–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer N, Borman B, Sarfati D, et al. Does comorbidity explain the ethnic inequalities in cervical cancer survival in New Zealand? A retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:132.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brunello A, Fontana A, Zafferri V, et al. Development of an oncological-multidimensional prognostic index (Onco-MPI) for mortality prediction in older cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2016;142:1069–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bylow K, Hemmerich J, Mohile SG, Stadler WM, Sajid S, Dale W. Obese frailty, physical performance deficits, and falls in older men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy: a case-control study. Urology. 2011;77:934–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cardia J, Calcada C, Pereira H. Treatment of lung cancer in the elderly: influence of comorbidity on toxicity and survival. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2011;16:45–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carter HB, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA Guideline. J Urol. 2013;190:419–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Castro MA, Dedivitis RA, Ribeiro KC. Comorbidity measurement in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2007;69:146–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang HJ, Chen PC, Yang CC, Su YC, Lee CC. Comparison of elixhauser and charlson methods for predicting oral cancer survival. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e2861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chao HH, Mayer T, Concato J, Rose MG, Uchio E, Kelly WK. Prostate cancer, comorbidity, and participation in randomized controlled trials of therapy. J Investig Med. 2010;58:566–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Sia I, Ma HM, et al. The synergistic effect of functional status and comorbidity burden on mortality: a 16-year survival analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e106248.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cho H, Mariotto AB, Mann BS, Klabunde CN, Feuer EJ. Assessing non-cancer-related health status of US cancer patients: other-cause survival and comorbidity prevalence. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178:339–49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chu QD, Zhou M, Medeiros KL, Peddi P, Wu XC. Impact of CALGB 9343 trial and sociodemographic variation on patterns of adjuvant radiation therapy practice for elderly women (>/=70 Years) with Stage I, Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: analysis of the national cancer data base. Anticancer Res. 2017;37:5585–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark DO, Von Korff M, Saunders K, Baluch WM, Simon GE. A chronic disease score with empirically derived weights. Med Care. 1995;33:783–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colinet B, Jacot W, Bertrand D, et al. A new simplified comorbidity score as a prognostic factor in non-small-cell lung cancer patients: description and comparison with the Charlson’s index. Br J Cancer. 2005;93:1098–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cook LS, Nelson HE, Cockburn M, Olson SH, Muller CY, Wiggins CL. Comorbidities and endometrial cancer survival in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24:61–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Glas NA, van de Water W, Engelhardt EG, et al. Validity of adjuvant! Online program in older patients with breast cancer: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:722–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Glas NA, Bastiaannet E, Engels CC, et al. Validity of the online PREDICT tool in older patients with breast cancer: a population-based study. Br J Cancer. 2016;114:395–400.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dehal A, Abbas A, Johna S. Comorbidity and outcomes after surgery among women with breast cancer: analysis of nationwide in-patient sample database. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;139:469–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denlinger CS, Engstrom PF. Colorectal cancer survivorship: movement matters. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4:502–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djunic I, Virijevic M, Novkovic A, et al. Comorbidity as a risk factor for overall survival and decision criteria for intensity of chemotherapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Med Oncol. 2012;29:1077–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbins TA, Badgery-Parker T, Currow DC, Young JM. Assessing measures of comorbidity and functional status for risk adjustment to compare hospital performance for colorectal cancer surgery: a retrospective data-linkage study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2015;15:55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Draft Recommendation Statement: Prostate Cancer: Screening. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. April 2017. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementDraft/prostate-cancer-screening1

  • Edwards BK, Noone AM, Mariotto AB, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2010, featuring prevalence of comorbidity and impact on survival among persons with lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer. Cancer. 2014;120:1290–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Harris DR, Coffey RM. Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data. Med Care. 1998;36:8–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ElSawy M, Storer BE, Pulsipher MA, et al. Multi-centre validation of the prognostic value of the haematopoietic cell transplantation- specific comorbidity index among recipient of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2015;170:574–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Etzioni DA, El-Khoueiry AB, Beart RW Jr. Rates and predictors of chemotherapy use for stage III colon cancer: a systematic review. Cancer. 2008;113: 3279–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Extermann M. Measuring comorbidity in older cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:453–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Extermann M. Interaction between comorbidity and cancer. Cancer Control. 2007;14:13–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Extermann M, Hurria A. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1824–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Extermann M, Overcash J, Lyman G, Parr J, Balducci L. Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1998;16:1582–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Extermann M, Aapro M, Bernabei R, et al. Use of comprehensive geriatric assessment in older cancer patients: recommendations from the task force on CGA of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;55:241–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Extermann M, Boler I, Reich RR, et al. Predicting the risk of chemotherapy toxicity in older patients: the Chemotherapy Risk Assessment Scale for High-Age Patients (CRASH) score. Cancer. 2012;118:3377–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinstein AR. The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. J Chronic Dis. 1970;23:455–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fillenbaum GG, Smyer MA. The development, validity, and reliability of the OARS multidimensional functional assessment questionnaire. J Gerontol. 1981;36:428–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming ST, Rastogi A, Dmitrienko A, Johnson KD. A comprehensive prognostic index to predict survival based on multiple comorbidities: a focus on breast cancer. Med Care. 1999;37:601–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming ST, Pursley HG, Newman B, Pavlov D, Chen K. Comorbidity as a predictor of stage of illness for patients with breast cancer. Med Care. 2005;43:132–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fortin M, Dionne J, Pinho G, Gignac J, Almirall J, Lapointe L. Randomized controlled trials: do they have external validity for patients with multiple comorbidities? Ann Fam Med. 2006;4:104–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi C, Campisi J. Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(Suppl 1):S4–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froehner M, Koch R, Litz R, Heller A, Oehlschlaeger S, Wirth MP. Comparison of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification with the Charlson score as predictors of survival after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2003;62:698–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froehner M, Kellner AE, Koch R, Baretton GB, Hakenberg OW, Wirth MP. A combined index to classify prognostic comorbidity in candidates for radical prostatectomy. BMC Urol. 2014;14:28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher TK, McErlean S, O’Farrell A, et al. Incidence and risk factors of delirium in patients post pancreaticoduodenectomy. HPB (Oxford). 2014;16:864–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, et al. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1674–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez EC, Ferrante JM, Van Durme DJ, Pal N, Roetzheim RG. Comorbid illness and the early detection of cancer. South Med J. 2001;94:913–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez BD, Jim HS, Booth-Jones M, et al. Course and predictors of cognitive function in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: a controlled comparison. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2015;33:2021–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene-Schloesser D, Robbins ME. Radiation-induced cognitive impairment–from bench to bedside. Neuro-Oncology. 2012;14(Suppl 4):iv37–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greene-Schloesser D, Robbins ME, Peiffer AM, Shaw EG, Wheeler KT, Chan MD. Radiation-induced brain injury: a review. Front Oncol. 2012;2:73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield S, Apolone G, McNeil BJ, Cleary PD. The importance of co-existent disease in the occurrence of postoperative complications and one-year recovery in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Comorbidity and outcomes after hip replacement. Med Care. 1993;31:141–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield S, Sullivan L, Dukes KA, Silliman R, D’Agostino R, Kaplan SH. Development and testing of a new measure of case mix for use in office practice. Med Care. 1995;33:AS47–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gronberg BH, Sundstrom S, Kaasa S, et al. Influence of comorbidity on survival, toxicity and health-related quality of life in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer receiving platinum-doublet chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:2225–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross CP, McAvay GJ, Guo Z, Tinetti ME. The impact of chronic illnesses on the use and effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. Cancer. 2007;109:2410–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurney J, Sarfati D, Stanley J. The impact of patient comorbidity on cancer stage at diagnosis. Br J Cancer. 2015;113:1375–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hall SF, Rochon PA, Streiner DL, Paszat LF, Groome PA, Rohland SL. Measuring comorbidity in patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:1988–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall WH, Jani AB, Ryu JK, Narayan S, Vijayakumar S. The impact of age and comorbidity on survival outcomes and treatment patterns in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005;8:22–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamstra DA, Stenmark MH, Ritter T, et al. Age and comorbid illness are associated with late rectal toxicity following dose-escalated radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85:1246–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heflin MT, Oddone EZ, Pieper CF, Burchett BM, Cohen HJ. The effect of comorbid illness on receipt of cancer screening by older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1651–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hines RB, Chatla C, Bumpers HL, et al. Predictive capacity of three comorbidity indices in estimating mortality after surgery for colon cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4339–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holman CD, Preen DB, Baynham NJ, Finn JC, Semmens JB. A multipurpose comorbidity scoring system performed better than the Charlson index. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58:1006–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houterman S, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Verheij CD, et al. Comorbidity has negligible impact on treatment and complications but influences survival in breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:2332–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes KS, Schnaper LA, Bellon JR, et al. Lumpectomy plus tamoxifen with or without irradiation in women age 70 years or older with early breast cancer: long-term follow-up of CALGB 9343. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2382–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurria A, Gupta S, Zauderer M, et al. Developing a cancer-specific geriatric assessment: a feasibility study. Cancer. 2005;104:1998–2005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurria A, Togawa K, Mohile SG, et al. Predicting chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer: a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011a;29:3457–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurria A, Cirrincione CT, Muss HB, et al. Implementing a geriatric assessment in cooperative group clinical cancer trials: CALGB 360401. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011b;29:1290–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurria A, Browner IS, Cohen HJ, et al. Senior adult oncology. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2012;10:162–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383:911–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacot W, Colinet B, Bertrand D, et al. Quality of life and comorbidity score as prognostic determinants in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:1458–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janelsins MC, Heckler CE, Peppone LJ, et al. Cognitive complaints in survivors of breast cancer after chemotherapy compared with age-matched controls: an analysis from a nationwide, multicenter, prospective longitudinal study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.5826.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen-Heijnen ML, Houterman S, Lemmens VE, Louwman MW, Maas HA, Coebergh JW. Prognostic impact of increasing age and co-morbidity in cancer patients: a population-based approach. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;55:231–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen-Heijnen ML, Lemmens VE, van den Borne BE, Biesma B, Oei SB, Coebergh JW. Negligible influence of comorbidity on prognosis of patients with small cell lung cancer: a population-based study in the Netherlands. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007;62:172–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jehn CF, Boning L, Kroning H, Pezzutto A, Luftner D. Influence of comorbidity, age and performance status on treatment efficacy and safety of cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50:1269–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen TL, Teiblum S, Paludan M, et al. Significance of age and comorbidity on treatment modality, treatment adherence, and prognosis in elderly ovarian cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;127:367–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanesvaran R, Li H, Koo KN, Poon D. Analysis of prognostic factors of comprehensive geriatric assessment and development of a clinical scoring system in elderly Asian patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3620–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan MH, Feinstein AR. The importance of classifying initial co-morbidity in evaluating the outcome of diabetes mellitus. J Chronic Dis. 1974;27:387–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keating NL, Landrum MB, Klabunde CN, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer: do physicians agree about the importance of patient age and comorbidity? J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2532–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khrizman P, Niland JC, ter Veer A, et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy use in patients with stage II/III rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy: a national comprehensive cancer network analysis. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31:30–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiefe CI, Funkhouser E, Fouad MN, May DS. Chronic disease as a barrier to breast and cervical cancer screening. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13:357–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim ES, Atlas J, Ison G, Ersek JL. Transforming clinical trial eligibility criteria to reflect practical clinical application. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2016;35:83–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klabunde CN, Potosky AL, Legler JM, Warren JL. Development of a comorbidity index using physician claims data. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:1258–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klabunde CN, Legler JM, Warren JL, Baldwin LM, Schrag D. A refined comorbidity measurement algorithm for claims-based studies of breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer patients. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:584–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klepin HD, Geiger AM, Tooze JA, et al. Geriatric assessment predicts survival for older adults receiving induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 2013;121:4287–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Korc-Grodzicki B, Root JC, Alici Y. Prevention of post-operative delirium in older patients with cancer undergoing surgery. J Geriatr Oncol. 2015;6:60–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krzyzanowska MK, Regan MM, Powell M, Earle CC, Weeks JC. Impact of patient age and comorbidity on surgeon versus oncologist preferences for adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208:202–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Land LH, Dalton SO, Jensen MB, Ewertz M. Impact of comorbidity on mortality: a cohort study of 62,591 Danish women diagnosed with early breast cancer, 1990-2008. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012a;131:1013–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Land LH, Dalton SO, Jorgensen TL, Ewertz M. Comorbidity and survival after early breast cancer. A review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012b;81:196–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lash TL, Thwin SS, Horton NJ, Guadagnoli E, Silliman RA. Multiple informants: a new method to assess breast cancer patients’ comorbidity. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:249–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SJ, Lindquist K, Segal MR, Covinsky KE. Development and validation of a prognostic index for 4-year mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006;295:801–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CH, Dershaw DD, Kopans D, et al. Breast cancer screening with imaging: recommendations from the Society of Breast Imaging and the ACR on the use of mammography, breast MRI, breast ultrasound, and other technologies for the detection of clinically occult breast cancer. J Am Coll Radiol. 2010;7:18–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee L, Cheung WY, Atkinson E, Krzyzanowska MK. Impact of comorbidity on chemotherapy use and outcomes in solid tumors: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011;29:106–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CC, Ho HC, Su YC, Chen PC, Yu CH, Yang CC. Comparison of different comorbidity measures for oral cancer patients with surgical intervention: a longitudinal study from a single cancer center. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2016;43:322–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmens VE, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Verheij CD, Houterman S, Repelaer van Driel OJ, Coebergh JW. Co-morbidity leads to altered treatment and worse survival of elderly patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2005;92:615–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmens VE, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Houterman S, et al. Which comorbid conditions predict complications after surgery for colorectal cancer? World J Surg. 2007;31:192–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1570–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JH, Kilgore ML, Goldman DP, et al. Participation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1383–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieffers JR, Baracos VE, Winget M, Fassbender K. A comparison of Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity measures to predict colorectal cancer survival using administrative health data. Cancer. 2011;117:1957–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin TL, Kuo MC, Shih LY, et al. The impact of age, Charlson comorbidity index, and performance status on treatment of elderly patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2012;91:1383–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linn BS, Linn MW, Gurel L. Cumulative illness rating scale. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1968;16:622–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litwin MS, Greenfield S, Elkin EP, Lubeck DP, Broering JM, Kaplan SH. Assessment of prognosis with the total illness burden index for prostate cancer: aiding clinicians in treatment choice. Cancer. 2007;109:1777–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LoConte NK, Smith M, Alberti D, et al. Amongst eligible patients, age and comorbidity do not predict for dose-limiting toxicity from phase I chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010;65:775–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louwman WJ, Aarts MJ, Houterman S, van Lenthe FJ, Coebergh JW, Janssen-Heijnen ML. A 50% higher prevalence of life-shortening chronic conditions among cancer patients with low socioeconomic status. Br J Cancer. 2010;103:1742–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson C, Baron J, Persson I, et al. Body size in different periods of life and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women. Int J Cancer. 1998;76:29–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maione P, Perrone F, Gallo C, et al. Pretreatment quality of life and functional status assessment significantly predict survival of elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy: a prognostic analysis of the multicenter Italian lung cancer in the elderly study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6865–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelblatt JS, Bierman AS, Gold K, et al. Constructs of burden of illness in older patients with breast cancer: a comparison of measurement methods. Health Serv Res. 2001;36:1085–107.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McBean AM, Yu X. The underuse of screening services among elderly women with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1466–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGinty HL, Phillips KM, Jim HS, et al. Cognitive functioning in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22:2271–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhardt JA, Catalano PJ, Haller DG, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on outcomes in patients with colon cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;21:433–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, et al. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1992;41:237–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moe EL, Borsch C, Garg B, et al. Falls and frailty in prostate cancer survivors on androgen deprivation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohile SG, Dale W, Somerfield MR, Schonberg MA, Boyd CM, Burhenn PS, Canin B, Cohen HJ, Holmes HM, Hopkins JO, Janelsins MC, Khorana AA, Klepin HD, Lichtman SM, Mustian KM, Tew WP, Hurria A. Practical Assessment and Management of Vulnerabilities in Older Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: ASCO Guideline for Geriatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(22):2326-2347. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2018.78.8687. Epub 2018 May 21. PubMed PMID: 29782209; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6063790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohile SG, Fan L, Reeve E, et al. Association of cancer with geriatric syndromes in older Medicare beneficiaries. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1458–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohile SG, Velarde C, Hurria A, et al. Geriatric assessment-guided care processes for older adults: a delphi consensus of geriatric oncology experts. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2015;13:1120–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morales DR, Morris AD. Metformin in cancer treatment and prevention. Annu Rev Med. 2015;66:17–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for cervical cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012a;156:880–91, W312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012b;157:120–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for lung cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:330–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munro AJ, Bentley AH. Deprivation, comorbidity and survival in a cohort of patients with colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2004;13:254–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naeim A, Reuben D. Geriatric syndromes and assessment in older cancer patients. Oncology (Williston Park). 2001;15:1567–77, 80; discussion 81, 86, 91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newschaffer CJ, Bush TL, Penberthy LT. Comorbidity measurement in elderly female breast cancer patients with administrative and medical records data. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:725–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newschaffer CJ, Bush TL, Penberthy LE, Bellantoni M, Helzlsour K, Diener-West M. Does comorbid disease interact with cancer? An epidemiologic analysis of mortality in a cohort of elderly breast cancer patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53:M372–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale G, Hajjar E, Swartz K, Andrel-Sendecki J, Chapman A. Evaluation of a pharmacist-led medication assessment used to identify prevalence of and associations with polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication use among ambulatory senior adults with cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2015;33:1453–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oeffinger KC, Fontham ET, Etzioni R, et al. Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk: 2015 Guideline Update From the American Cancer Society. JAMA. 2015;314:1599–614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Overcash JA, Beckstead J, Extermann M, Cobb S. The abbreviated comprehensive geriatric assessment (aCGA): a retrospective analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;54:129–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozanne EM, Braithwaite D, Sepucha K, Moore D, Esserman L, Belkora J. Sensitivity to input variability of the Adjuvant! Online breast cancer prognostic model. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27:214–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker ED, Folsom AR. Intentional weight loss and incidence of obesity-related cancers: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:1447–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters TT, van der Laan BF, Plaat BE, Wedman J, Langendijk JA, Halmos GB. The impact of comorbidity on treatment-related side effects in older patients with laryngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2011;47:56–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piccirillo JF, Costas I. The impact of comorbidity on outcomes. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2004;66:180–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piccirillo JF, Lacy PD, Basu A, Spitznagel EL. Development of a new head and neck cancer-specific comorbidity index. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128:1172–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piccirillo JF, Costas I, Claybour P, Borah A, Gorove L, Jeffe D. The measurement of comorbidity by cancer registries. J Registry Manag. 2003;30:8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piccirillo JF, Tierney RM, Costas I, Grove L, Spitznagel EL Jr. Prognostic importance of comorbidity in a hospital-based cancer registry. JAMA. 2004;291:2441–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Putt M, Long JA, Montagnet C, et al. Racial differences in the impact of comorbidities on survival among elderly men with prostate cancer. Med Care Res Rev. 2009;66:409–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raats JW, van Eijsden WA, Crolla RM, Steyerberg EW, van der Laan L. Risk Factors and Outcomes for Postoperative Delirium after Major Surgery in Elderly Patients. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0136071.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabin BA, Gaglio B, Sanders T, et al. Predicting cancer prognosis using interactive online tools: a systematic review and implications for cancer care providers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2013;22:1645–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramjaun A, Nassif MO, Krotneva S, Huang AR, Meguerditchian AN. Improved targeting of cancer care for older patients: a systematic review of the utility of comprehensive geriatric assessment. J Geriatr Oncol. 2013;4:271–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsdale E, Sanoff H, Muss H. Approach to the older patient with stage II/III colorectal cancer: who should get curative-intent therapy? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2013;33:163–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read WL, Tierney RM, Page NC, et al. Differential prognostic impact of comorbidity. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3099–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves KW, Faulkner K, Modugno F, et al. Body mass index and mortality among older breast cancer survivors in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2007;16:1468–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid BC, Alberg AJ, Klassen AC, Koch WM, Samet JM. The American Society of Anesthesiologists’ class as a comorbidity index in a cohort of head and neck cancer surgical patients. Head Neck. 2001;23:985–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid BC, Alberg AJ, Klassen AC, et al. A comparison of three comorbidity indexes in a head and neck cancer population. Oral Oncol. 2002;38:187–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, et al. Colorectal Cancer Screening: recommendations for Physicians and Patients From the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:307–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riechelmann RP, Moreira F, Smaletz O, Saad ED. Potential for drug interactions in hospitalized cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005;56:286–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riechelmann RP, Tannock IF, Wang L, Saad ED, Taback NA, Krzyzanowska MK. Potential drug interactions and duplicate prescriptions among cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:592–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ring A. The influences of age and co-morbidities on treatment decisions for patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010;76:127–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanabria A, Carvalho AL, Vartanian JG, Magrin J, Ikeda MK, Kowalski LP. Validation of the Washington University Head and Neck Comorbidity Index in a cohort of older patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134:603–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarfati D. Review of methods used to measure comorbidity in cancer populations: no gold standard exists. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65:924–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarfati D, Hill S, Blakely T, et al. The effect of comorbidity on the use of adjuvant chemotherapy and survival from colon cancer: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sarfati D, Blakely T, Pearce N. Measuring cancer survival in populations: relative survival vs cancer-specific survival. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:598–610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarfati D, Gurney J, Stanley J, et al. Cancer-specific administrative data-based comorbidity indices provided valid alternative to Charlson and National Cancer Institute Indices. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014a;67:586–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarfati D, Gurney J, Stanley J, Lim BT, McSherry C. Development of a pharmacy-based comorbidity index for patients with cancer. Med Care. 2014b;52:586–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, et al. American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:147–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Satariano WA, Ragland DR. The effect of comorbidity on 3-year survival of women with primary breast cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:104–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scher KS, Hurria A. Under-representation of older adults in cancer registration trials: known problem, little progress. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2036–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schonberg MA, Davis RB, McCarthy EP, Marcantonio ER. Index to predict 5-year mortality of community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older using data from the National Health Interview Survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24:1115–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schonberg MA, Li V, Marcantonio ER, Davis RB, McCarthy EP. Predicting mortality up to 14 years among community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65:1310–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schrag D, Cramer LD, Bach PB, Begg CB. Age and adjuvant chemotherapy use after surgery for stage III colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:850–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah-Khan F, Shah P. Loss of bladder sensation following taxane therapy. Chemotherapy. 2008;54:425–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahrokni A, Tin A, Downey RJ, et al. Electronic Rapid Fitness Assessment: a novel tool for Preoperative Evaluation of the Geriatric Oncology Patient. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2017;15:172–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen Y, Hao Q, Zhou J, Dong B. The impact of frailty and sarcopenia on postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing gastrectomy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17:188.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Silliman RA, Lash TL. Comparison of interview-based and medical-record based indices of comorbidity among breast cancer patients. Med Care. 1999;37:339–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siu AL, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:279–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BD, Smith GL, Hurria A, Hortobagyi GN, Buchholz TA. Future of cancer incidence in the United States: burdens upon an aging, changing nation. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2758–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soares M, Salluh JI, Ferreira CG, Luiz RR, Spector N, Rocco JR. Impact of two different comorbidity measures on the 6-month mortality of critically ill cancer patients. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31:408–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sogaard M, Thomsen RW, Bossen KS, Sorensen HT, Norgaard M. The impact of comorbidity on cancer survival: a review. Clin Epidemiol. 2013;5:3–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sorror ML, Maris MB, Storb R, et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)-specific comorbidity index: a new tool for risk assessment before allogeneic HCT. Blood. 2005;106:2912–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sorror ML, Storb RF, Sandmaier BM, et al. Comorbidity-age index: a clinical measure of biologic age before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3249–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stairmand J, Signal L, Sarfati D, et al. Consideration of comorbidity in treatment decision making in multidisciplinary cancer team meetings: a systematic review. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:1325–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi M, Takeuchi H, Fujisawa D, et al. Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19:3963–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tammemagi CM, Neslund-Dudas C, Simoff M, Kvale P. Impact of comorbidity on lung cancer survival. Int J Cancer. 2003;103:792–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tammemagi CM, Nerenz D, Neslund-Dudas C, Feldkamp C, Nathanson D. Comorbidity and survival disparities among black and white patients with breast cancer. JAMA. 2005;294:1765–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taneja S, Mandayam S, Kayani ZZ, Kuo YF, Shahinian VB. Comparison of stage at diagnosis of cancer in patients who are on dialysis versus the general population. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:1008–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Terret C, Castel-Kremer E, Albrand G, Droz JP. Effects of comorbidity on screening and early diagnosis of cancer in elderly people. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:80–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tinetti ME, Inouye SK, Gill TM, Doucette JT. Shared risk factors for falls, incontinence, and functional dependence. Unifying the approach to geriatric syndromes. JAMA. 1995;273:1348–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomaszewski JJ, Uzzo RG, Kutikov A, et al. Assessing the burden of complications after surgery for clinically localized kidney cancer by age and comorbidity status. Urology. 2014;83:843–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2016;315:2564–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van de Poll-Franse LV, Haak HR, Coebergh JW, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Lemmens VE. Disease-specific mortality among stage I-III colorectal cancer patients with diabetes: a large population-based analysis. Diabetologia. 2012;55:2163–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van der Poel MW, Mulder WJ, Ossenkoppele GJ, et al. Factors that influence treatment decision-making in elderly DLBCL patients: a case vignette study. Ann Hematol. 2015;94:1373–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Gestel YR, Lemmens VE, de Hingh IH, et al. Influence of comorbidity and age on 1-, 2-, and 3-month postoperative mortality rates in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:371–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Walraven C, Austin PC, Jennings A, Quan H, Forster AJ. A modification of the Elixhauser comorbidity measures into a point system for hospital death using administrative data. Med Care. 2009;47:626–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vickers MM, Powell ED, Asmis TR, et al. Comorbidity, age and overall survival in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer – results from NCIC CTG PA.3: a phase III trial of gemcitabine plus erlotinib or placebo. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:1434–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vigneri R. Diabetes: diabetes therapy and cancer risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:651–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vigneri P, Frasca F, Sciacca L, Pandini G, Vigneri R. Diabetes and cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009;16:1103–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Von Korff M, Wagner EH, Saunders K. A chronic disease score from automated pharmacy data. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:197–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis CJD, Glaser A, Hu JC, et al. Survival and complications following surgery and radiation for localized prostate cancer: an international collaborative review. Eur Urol. 2017;71:417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter LC, Covinsky KE. Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized decision making. JAMA. 2001;285:2750–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Wong ML, Hamilton N, Davoren JB, Jahan TM, Walter LC. Impact of age and comorbidity on non-small-cell lung cancer treatment in older veterans. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1447–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner JP, Starfield BH, Steinwachs DM, Mumford LM. Development and application of a population-oriented measure of ambulatory care case-mix. Med Care. 1991;29:452–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wender R, Fontham ET, Barrera E Jr, et al. American Cancer Society lung cancer screening guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63:107–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams GR, Mackenzie A, Magnuson A, et al. Comorbidity in older adults with cancer. J Geriatr Oncol. 2016a;7:249–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams AM, Zent CS, Janelsins MC. What is known and unknown about chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in patients with haematological malignancies and areas of needed research. Br J Haematol. 2016b;174:835–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Winters-Stone KM, Moe E, Graff JN, et al. Falls and frailty in prostate cancer survivors: current, past, and never users of androgen deprivation therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65:1414–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wishart GC, Azzato EM, Greenberg DC, et al. PREDICT: a new UK prognostic model that predicts survival following surgery for invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12:R1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf AM, Wender RC, Etzioni RB, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:70–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolin KY, Luly J, Sutcliffe S, Andriole GL, Kibel AS. Risk of urinary incontinence following prostatectomy: the role of physical activity and obesity. J Urol. 2010;183:629–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yancik R, Havlik RJ, Wesley MN, et al. Cancer and comorbidity in older patients: a descriptive profile. Ann Epidemiol. 1996;6:399–412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yasmeen S, Hubbard RA, Romano PS, et al. Risk of advanced-stage breast cancer among older women with comorbidities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2012;21:1510–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yasmeen S, Chlebowski RT, Xing G, Morris CR, Romano PS. Severity of comorbid conditions and early-stage breast cancer therapy: linked SEER-Medicare data from 1993 to 2005. Cancer Med. 2013;2:526–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Ayanian JZ, Zaslavsky AM. Patient characteristics and hospital quality for colorectal cancer surgery. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19:11–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y, Wang G, Liu S, et al. Risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing major head and neck cancer surgery: a meta-analysis. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2017;47:505–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Erika E. Ramsdale & Jason Zittel

  2. University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand

    Diana Sarfati

Authors
  1. Erika E. Ramsdale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jason Zittel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diana Sarfati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erika E. Ramsdale .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Senior Adult Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA

    Martine Extermann

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope Duarte - Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, USA

    William Dale

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Ramsdale, E.E., Zittel, J., Sarfati, D. (2018). Comorbidity in Aging and Cancer. In: Extermann, M. (eds) Geriatric Oncology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44870-1_54-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44870-1_54-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44870-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44870-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation