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Phage Display Technology and the Development of Phage-Based Vaccines

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Bacteriophages

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Abstract

A great many phages are amenable to a range of common genetic manipulations. They are also easy to propagate to high numbers and simple to handle. This makes phages ideal for combinatorial applications such as phage display, in which peptides are expressed or adjoined to a phage capsid such that the peptide is available to interact with ligands in its vicinity (i.e., the peptide is displayed to the ligands). In the first part of this chapter, we discuss the use of phage display to selectively isolate peptides with defined binding properties such as specificity and affinity. Through the creation of phage display libraries and biopanning for peptides with desired properties, phage display is a powerful technique for protein engineering, including vaccine design.

Display phages themselves could be used as delivery vehicles for protein and genetic payloads to eukaryotic targets, as is discussed in the second section. Our ability to efficiently alter phages at the genetic level has allowed the development of modified phages which can act as scaffolds for the delivery of foreign proteins and DNA to nonbacterial targets. Coat proteins can be modified to include foreign proteins or peptides which can give phages artificial tropisms (e.g., to deliver cargoes to specific cell types) or which cause them to stimulate specific immune responses (as vaccines to protect against infection). The genetic material can be modified to include vaccine antigens that are expressed in the target cell or to include specific sequences for gene therapy.

Displayed peptides can also be used as functioning epitope and ligand mimics, and therefore display phages can serve as antibody mimics. Or they can be used to identify or create human antibodies with defined tropisms that can be used therapeutically. In the final section, the potential use of display phages and combinatorial chemistry for the identification and development of cancer vaccines and therapeutics is discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA

    Joe A. Fralick

  2. Fixed-Phage Ltd, Glasgow, UK

    Jason Clark

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Correspondence to Joe A. Fralick .

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  1. Evolution Biotechnologies, Milton Keynes, UK

    David R. Harper

  2. Dept. of Microbiology, The Ohio State University Dept. of Microbiology, Mansfield, OH, USA

    Stephen T. Abedon

  3. GeneWEAVE Biosciences, Roche Molecular Systems GeneWEAVE Biosciences, Los Gatos, AR, USA

    Benjamin H. Burrowes

  4. Evolution Biotechnologies, Milton Keynes, UK

    Malcolm L. McConville

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Fralick, J.A., Clark, J. (2020). Phage Display Technology and the Development of Phage-Based Vaccines. In: Harper, D., Abedon, S., Burrowes, B., McConville, M. (eds) Bacteriophages. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40598-8_35-1

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