Abstract
Industrial settings, the food processing industry in particular, have strict sanitation procedures to minimize food product contamination and guarantee that their products are safe to be consumed. Sanitation procedures are routinely used, yet still pathogens are recovered from foods and processing surfaces that may eventually cause foodborne illnesses. Microorganisms have a natural tendency to attach to surfaces – such as food contact surfaces, foods of animal and plant origin, and tubing and equipment, among others – and start forming biofilms, that is, cells are found embedded within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances.
In this chapter we review fundamental aspects involved in cell adhesion and consequent biofilm formation in food industrial settings and their control and prevention using bacteriophages. The challenges involved in the use of bacteriophages for these applications will also be covered herein.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the project PTDC/BBB-BSS/6471/2014, the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684), and under the scope of the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462). This work was also supported by BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 – Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Catarina Milho acknowledges FCT for the grant SFRH/BD/94434/2013. Sanna Sillankorva is an FCT Investigator (IF/01413/2013).
Glossary
- BAC:
-
Benzalkonium chloride
- Biocides:
-
The European legislation as a chemical substance or microorganism intended to destroy, deter, render harmless, or exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism by chemical or biological means. US EPA defines biocide as a diverse group of poisonous substances including preservatives, insecticides, disinfectants, and pesticides used for the control of organisms that are harmful to human or animal health or that cause damage to natural or manufactured products
- Biofilm:
-
Surface-associated microbial cells that are embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance matrix
- Biofilm microcolonies:
-
Macroscopically visible clumps of cells
- CFU:
-
Colony forming units
- Cross-contamination:
-
Product contamination, for instance, as a result of spread of moisture drops and aerosols formed during cleaning and worker’s activities
- Disinfectants:
-
Agent that is applied to inanimate objects to kill some but not necessarily all organisms
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- EPS:
-
Extracellular polymeric substances comprising mainly polysaccharides, nucleic and amino acids, glycoproteins and phosphoproteins, sugars, phospholipids, uronic acids, and phenolic compounds
- EPS matrix:
-
Extracellular polymeric substances matrix that provides mechanical stability, mediate microbial adhesion and forms a 3D polymer network that immobilizes biofilm cells
- Fresh-cut produce:
-
Any fresh fruit or vegetable that has been physically altered from its original form, but remains in a fresh state
- HACCP:
-
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
- HHP:
-
High hydrostatic pressure
- Mature biofilm:
-
Complex 3D biofilm structure comprising cells in different physiological states distributed in different layers
- mJ:
-
Millijoule
- MOI:
-
Multiplicity of infection
- MPa:
-
Megapascal
- Multispecies biofilm:
-
Biofilm community that is formed by multiple bacterial species
- Opportunistic:
-
Pathogens that cause infections and take advantage of an opportunity that is not normally available
- Persister cells:
-
Cells that survive a stress, e.g., antibiotic treatment, due to their lack of metabolism, staying in a resting state
- QAC:
-
Quaternary ammonium compounds
- Quorum sensing:
-
Cell-cell communication mechanism that synchronizes gene expression in response to the cell density of a given population
- RTE:
-
Ready to eat
- Sanitizer:
-
Agent used to reduce the microbiological contamination to acceptable levels. These levels must conform the levels set by health regulations
- Sequestrant:
-
Chemical action derived from the binding of a metal ion in solution with the formation of a soluble and stable complex
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Milho, C., Silva, M.D., Sillankorva, S., Harper, D.R. (2019). Biofilm Applications of Bacteriophages. In: Harper, D., Abedon, S., Burrowes, B., McConville, M. (eds) Bacteriophages. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40598-8_27-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40598-8_27-1
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