Abstract
The idea of recovery has revolutionized our understanding of mental illness and its treatment, yet its meanings are diverse and it is invoked in many different contexts. This chapter systematically analyzes the idea, as it is used in contemporary mental health research, practice, services and policy, the scientific and social issues that fall under its rubric, the evolution of related ideas that results in the current state of affairs, and where that evolution may take us in the foreseeable future. The materials for this analysis include the scientific literature and scholarly discourse on recovery, law, regulation and social policy, discourse in the mental health professions and service industry, and popular media. The conceptual challenge for understanding the meaning of recovery is not one of definition so much as selection, determining which paradigm of recovery is most pertinent to which context or application or person.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Evidence-based Practice (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61(4), 271–285. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271.
Andresen, R., Caputi, P., & Oades, L. (2006). Stages of recovery instrument: Development of a measure of recovery from serious mental illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(11–12), 972–980.
Andresen, R., Oades, L., & Caputi, P. (2003). The experience of recovery from schizophrenia: Towards an empirically validated stage model. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(5), 586–594.
Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2001). Interpreting scores on the Kessler psychological distress scale (K10). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(6), 494–497.
Anthony, W. (1979). Principles of psychiatric rehabilitation. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Anthony, W. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: The guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16, 11–23.
Anthony, W. A. (2001). A vision for psychiatric rehabilitation research. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25(1), 1–2. doi: 10.1037/h0095057.
Anthony, W., & Liberman, R. P. (1986). The practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: Historical, conceptual, and research base. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12(4), 542–559.
Anthony, W., Rogers, E. S., & Farkas, M. (2003). Research on evidence-based practices: Future directions in an era of recovery. Community Mental Health Journal, 39(2), 101–114.
APA Task Force on Serious Mental Illness and Severe Emotional Disturbance. (2009). Assessment and treatment of serious mental illness. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/practice/resources/treatment-mental.aspx
Armstrong, M. L., Korba, A. M., & Emard, R. (1995). Of mutual benefit: The reciprocal relationship between consumer volunteers and the clients they serve. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 19(2), 45–49.
Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N. H. (1968). The token economy. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Bachrach, L. L. (1978). A conceptual approach to deinstitutionalization. Psychiatric Services, 29(9), 573–578.
Bachrach, L. L. (1982). Assessment of outcomes in community support systems: Results, problems, and limitations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8(1), 39–61.
Bachrach, L. L. (1983). Evaluating the consequences of deinstitutionalization. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 34(2), 105.
Barrowclough, C., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Lewis, S. W., Moring, J., O’Brien, R., et al. (2001). Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 1706–1713.
Bell, M. D., & Zito, W. (2005). Integrated versus sealed-over recovery in schizophrenia: BORRTI and executive function. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 3–8.
Bellack, A. S. (2006). Scientific and consumer models of recovery in schizophrenia: Concordance, contrasts, and implications. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 432–442.
Bellamy, C. D., Garvin, C., Macfarlane, P., Mowbray, O. P., Mowbray, C. T., & Holter, M. C. (2006). An analysis of groups in consumer-centered programs. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 9(3), 219–240. doi:10.1080/15487760600962152
Bond, G. R. (2004). Supported employment: Evidence for an evidence-based practice. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(4), 345–359.
Bond, G. R., Salyers, M. P., Rollins, A. L., Rapp, C. A., & Zipple, A. M. (2004). How evidence-based practices contribute to community integration. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(6), 569–588.
Boyd, J. E., Otilingam, P. G., & DeForge, B. R. (2014). Brief version of the internalized stigma of mental illness (ISMI) scale: Psychometric properties and relationship to depression, self esteem, recovery orientation, empowerment, and perceived devaluation and discrimination. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 37(1), 17.
Braginsky, B., Braginsky, D., & Ring, K. (1969). Methods of madness: The mental hospital as a last resort. New York: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston.
Brekke, J. (2007). The relationship between cognitive and environmental determinants of the functional dimensions in schizophrenia. Invited presentation to NIMH-sponsored conference, Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS-CT). Bethesda, August 21–22, 2007.
Brekke, J. S., & Nakagami, E. (2010). The relevance of neurocognition and social cognition for outcome and recovery in schizophrenia. In V. Roder & A. Medalia (Eds.), Neurocognition and social cognition in schizophrenia patients: Basic concepts and treatment (Vol. 177). Basel: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
Brekke, J. S., Phillips, E., Pancake, L., Anne, O., & Duke, J. (2009). Implementation practice and implementation research: A report from the field. Research on Social Work Practice, 19(5), 592–601.
Buck, K. D., & Lysaker, P. H. (2010). Clinical supervision for the treatment of adults with severe mental illness: Pertinent issues when assisting graduate nursing students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46(3), 234–243.
Burnam, M. A., & Watkins, K. E. (2006). Substance abuse with mental disorders: Specialized public systems and integrated care. Health Affairs, 25(3), 648–658.
Butzlaff, R. L., & Hooley, J. M. (1998). Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(6), 547–552. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.55.6.547.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7–18.
Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review Psychology, 52(1), 685–716. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685
Chen, S.-P., Krupa, T., Lysaght, R., McCay, E., & Piat, M. (2013). The development of recovery competencies for in-patient mental health providers working with people with serious mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 40(2), 96–116. doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0380-x
Clarke, G., Herincks, H., Kinney, R., Paulson, R., Cutler, D., Lewis, K., & Oxman, E. (2000). Psychiatric hospitalizations, arrests, emergency room visits, and homelessness of clients with serious and persistent mental illness: Findings from a randomized trial of two ACT programs vs. usual care. Mental Health Service Research, 2(3), 155–164.
Cook, J. A., Copeland, M. E., Floyd, C. B., Jonikas, J. A., Hamilton, M. M., Razzano, L., et al. (2014a). A randomized controlled trial of effects of wellness recovery action planning on depression, anxiety, and recovery. Psychiatric Services, 63(6), 541–547.
Cook, J. A., Copeland, M. E., Floyd, C. B., Jonikas, J. A., Hamilton, M. M., Razzano, L., et al. (2014b). A randomized controlled trial of effects of wellness recovery action planning on depression, anxiety, and recovery. Psychiatric Services, 60(2), 246–249.
Cook, J. A., Copeland, M. E., Jonikas, J. A., Hamilton, M. M., Razzano, L. A., Grey, D. D., et al. (2011). Results of a randomized controlled trial of mental illness self-management using wellness recovery action planning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 881–891.
Cook, J. A., Jonikas, J. A., Hamilton, M. M., Goldrick, V., Steigman, P. J., Grey, D. D., et al. (2013). Impact of wellness recovery action planning on service utilization and need in a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36(4), 250.
Copeland, M. E. (2002). Wellness recovery action plan. West Dummerston, VT: Peach Press.
Corrigan, P., Angell, B., Davidson, L., Marcus, S., Salzer, M., Kottsieper, P., et al. (2012). From adherence to self-determination: Evolution of a treatment paradigm for people with serious mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 63(2), 169–173.
Corrigan, P. W., Giffort, D., Rashid, F., & Leary, M. (1999). Recovery as a psychological construct. Community Mental Health Journal, 35(3), 231–239. doi:10.1023/A:1018741302682
Corrigan, P. W., Salzer, M., & Ralph, R. O. (2004). Examining the factor structure of the recovery assessment scale. Schizophrenia Research, 30(4), 1035–1041.
Corrigan, P. W., Schade, M. L., & Liberman, R. P. (1992). Social skills training. In R. P. Liberman (Ed.), Handbook of psychiatric rehabilitation (pp. 95–126). New York: Macmillan.
Corrigan, P. W., Steiner, L., McCracken, S. G., Blaser, B., & Barr, M. (2001). Strategies for disseminating evidence-based practices to staff who treat people with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1598–1606.
Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2004). At issue: Stop the stigma: Call mental illness a brain disease. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 477.
Coursey, R. D., Curtis, L., Marsh, D. T., Campbell, J., Harding, C. M., Spaniol, L., et al. (2000a). Competencies for direct service staff members who work with adults with severe mental illnesses: Specific knowledge, attitudes, skills, and bibliography. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 23(4), 378–392.
Coursey, R. D., Curtis, L., Marsh, D. T., Campbell, J., Harding, C. M., Spaniol, L., et al. (2000b). Competencies for direct service staff members who work with adults with severe mental illnesses in outpatient public mental health/managed care systems. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 23(4), 370–377.
Cruce, G., Öjehagen, A., & Nordström, M. (2012). Recovery-promoting care as experienced by persons with severe mental illness and substance misuse. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(5), 660–669. doi:10.1007/s11469-011-9363-0
Davidson, L., Chinman, M., Sells, D., & Rowe, M. (2006). Peer support among adults with serious mental illness: A report from the field. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(3), 443.
Davidson, L., & Strauss, J. S. (1992). Sense of self in recovery from severe mental illness. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65(2), 131–145. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01693.x
Deacon, B., & Baird, G. (2009). The chemical imbalance explanation of depression: Reducing blame at what cost? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(4), 415–435.
Deacon, B. J., & Lickel, J. J. (2009). On the brain disease model of mental disorders. The Behavior Therapist, 32(6), 113–118.
Deegan, P. E. (1988). Recovery: The lived experience of rehabilitation. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 11(4), 11.
Deegan, P. (1996). Recovery as a journey of the heart. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 19(3), 91.
Deegan, P. E., & Drake, R. E. (2006). Shared decision making and medication management in the recovery process. Psychiatric Services, 57(11), 1636–1639.
Drake, R., Cimpean, D., & Torrey, W. (2009). Shared decision making in mental health: Propsects for personalized medicine. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 455–463.
Drake, R. E., & Deegan, P. E. (2009). Shared decision making is an ethical imperative. Psychiatric Services, 60(8), 1007.
Drake, R. E., Mueser, K. T., Brunette, M. F., & McHugo, G. J. (2004). A review of treatments for people with severe mental illnesses and co-occurring substance use disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(4), 360–374.
Drake, R. E., & Whitley, R. (2014). Recovery and severe mental illness: Description and analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 59(5), 236–242.
Druss, B. G., Zhao, L., Silke, A., Bona, J. R., Fricks, L., Jenkins-Tucker, S., et al. (2010). The health and recovery peer (HARP) program: A peer-led intervention to improve medical self-management for persons with serious mental illness. Schizophrenia Research, 118(1), 264–270.
Eckman, T. A., Liberman, R. P., Phipps, C. C., & Blair, K. E. (1990). Teaching medication management skills to schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 33–38.
Eckman, T., Wirshing, W., Marder, S., Liberman, R., Johnston-Cronk, K., Zimmerman, K., & Mintz, J. (1992). Techniques for training schizophrenic patients in illness self-management: A controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(11), 1549–1555.
Fairweather, G., Sanders, D., Maynard, H., & Cressler, D. (1969). Community life for the mentally ill: An alternative to institutional care. Chicago: Aldine.
Farkas, M. (2007). The vision of recovery today: What it is and what it means for services. World Psychiatry, 6(2), 68.
Farkas, M., Gagne, C., & Anthony, W. (2005). Implementing recovery oriented evidence based programs: Identifying the critical dimensions. Community Mental Health Journal, 41(2), 141–158.
Foucault, M. (1961/2006). History of madness (J. Khalfa & J. Murphy, Trans. J. Khalfa Ed.). New York: Routledge.
Frese, F. J., Knight, E. L., & Saks, E. (2009). Recovery from schizophrenia: With views of psychiatrists, psychologists, and others diagnosed with this disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(2), 370–380.
Gearing, R. E., Mian, I., Sholonsky, A., Barber, J., Nicholas, D., Lewis, R., et al. (2009). Developing a risk-model of time to first relapse for children and adolescents diagnosed with psychotic disorders or mood disorders with psychotic features. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(1), 6–14.
Gelfand, D. M., Gelfand, S., & Dobson, W. R. (1967). Unprogrammed reinforcement of patients’ behavior in a mental hospital. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5(3), 201–207.
Gitlin, M., Nuechterlein, K., Subotnik, K. L., Ventura, J., Mintz, J., Fogelson, D. L., et al. (2001). Clinical outcome following neuroleptic discontinuation in patients with remitted recent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1835–1842.
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Anchor Books.
Granholm, E., Loh, C., & Swendsen, J. (2008). Feasibility and validity of computerized ecological momentary assessment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(3), 507–514. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm113
Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Betancourt, J. R. (2002). Why the disease-based model of medicine fails our patients. Western Journal of Medicine, 176(2), 141.
Guyatt, G., Cairns, J., Churchill, D., Cook, D., Haynes, B., Hirsh, J., et al. (1992). Evidence-based medicine: A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268(17), 2420–2425.
Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Spaulding, W., Yusupoff, L., Kinney, C., & McCarthy, E. (1998). Individual cognitive-behavior therapy in the treatment of hallucinations and delusions: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(7), 821–838.
Hamm, J. A., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Kukla, M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2013). Individual psychotherapy for schizophrenia: Trends and developments in the wake of the recovery movement. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 6, 45–54.
Harrow, M., Grossman, L. S., Jobe, T. H., & Faull, R. (2006, April). Do patients with schizophrenia show periods of complete recovery? A 20 year follow-up. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of American Psychiatric Association, New York City.
Harrow, M., Grossman, L. S., Jobe, T. H., & Herbener, E. S. (2005). Do patients with schizophrenia every show periods of recovery? A 15 year multi-follow-up study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(3), 723–734.
Harrow, M., Hansford, B. G., & Astrachan-Fletcher, E. B. (2009). Locus of control: Relation to schizophrenia, to recovery, and to depression and psychosis—A 15-year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Research, 168(3), 186–192. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.002.
Haupt, M. (2014). The vital role of state psychiatric hospitals: NASMHPD Medical Directors Council Technical Report. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. Retrieved from http://www.nasmhpd.org/content/vital-role-state-psychiatric-hospitals-nasmhpd-medical-directors-council-technical-report
Heinssen, R. K. (2002). Improving medication compliance of a patient with schizophrenia through collaborative behavioral therapy. Psychiatric Services, 53(3), 255–257.
Heinssen, R. K., Cuthbert, B. N., Breiling, J., Colpe, L. J., & Dolan-Sewell, R. (2003). Overcoming barriers to research in early serious mental illness: Issues for future collaboration. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(4), 737–745.
Heinssen, R., Levendusky, P., & Hunter, R. (1995). Client as colleague: Therapeutic contracting with the seriously mentally ill. American Psychologist, 50(7), 522–532.
Hendryx, M., Green, C. A., & Perrin, N. A. (2009). Social support, activities, and recovery from serious mental illness: STARS study findings. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 36(3), 320–329. doi: 10.1007/s11414-008-9151-1.
Hofstetter, J. R., Lysaker, P. H., & Mayeda, A. R. (2005). Quality of sleep in patients with schizophrenia is associated with quality of life and coping. BMC psychiatry, 5(1), 13.
Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. (2010). The role of assessment in evidence-based practice. The Oxford handbook of clinical psychology. London: Oxford Press.
Ibrahim, N., Michail, M., & Callaghan, P. (2014). The strengths based approach as a service delivery model for severe mental illness: A meta-analysis of clinical trials. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 243–254. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0243-6
Insel, T. R. (2010). Rethinking schizophrenia. Nature, 468(7321), 187–193. doi: 10.1038/nature09552.
Insel, T. (2013). Getting serious about mental illnesses. [Director’s Blog]. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/getting-serious-about-mental-illnesses.shtml
Jacobson, N., & Greenley, D. (2001). What is recovery? A conceptual model and explication. Psychiatric Services, 52(4), 482–485.
Jonikas, J. A., Grey, D. D., Copeland, M. E., Razzano, L. A., Hamilton, M. M., Floyd, C. B., et al. (2013). Improving propensity for patient self-advocacy through wellness recovery action planning: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Community Mental Health Journal, 49(3), 260–269.
Kazdin, Alan. (2003). Research design in clinical psychology (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Kim, B. S., Ng, G. F., & Ahn, A. J. (2005). Effects of client expectation for counseling success, client-counselor worldview match, and client adherence to Asian and European American cultural values on counseling process with Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 67.
Kopelowicz, A., Liberman, R. P., Ventura, J., Zarate, R., & Mintz, J. (2005). Neurocognitive correlates of recovery from schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 35(8), 1165–1173.
Kreyenbuhl, J., Buchanan, R. W., Dickerson, F. B., & Dixon, L. B. (2010). The schizophrenia patient outcomes research team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 94–103.
Kreyenbuhl, J., Nossel, I. R., & Dixon, L. B. (2009). Disengagement from mental health treatment among individuals with schizophrenia and strategies for facilitating connections to care: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(4), 696–703.
Kuhn, T. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kutchins, H., & Kirk, S. (1997). Making us crazy: The psychiatric bible and the creation of psychiatric disorders. New York: Free Press.
Laib, K. (2015). Services for people with serioius mental illness: The impact of national, state and local policy and practice. Doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln NE.
La Roche, M. J., & Maxie, A. (2003). Ten considerations in addressing cultural differences in psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(2), 180.
Lamb, H. R., & Bachrach, L. L. (2001). Some perspectives on deinstitutionalization. Psychiatric Services, 52(8), 1039–1045.
Lehman, A. F., Kreyenbuhl, J., Buchanan, R. W., Dickerson, F. B., Dixon, L. B., Goldberg, R., et al. (2004). The schizophrenia patient outcomes research team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2003. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(2), 193–217.
Lehman, A. F., & Steinwachs, D. M. (1998). Translating research into practice: The Schizophrenia patient outcomes research team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 1–10.
Liberman, R. P. (2008). Recovery from disability: Manual of psychiatric rehabilitation. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Liberman, R. P., King, L. W., & Derisi, W. J. (1975). Personal effectiveness: Guiding patients to improve their social skills. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Liberman, R., King, L., & DeRisi, W. (1976). Behavior analysis and modification in community mental health. In H. Leitnberg (Ed.), Handbook of behavior therapy and behavior modification (pp. 566–603). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Liberman, R. P., Kopelowicz, A., Ventura, J., & Gutkind, D. (2002). Operational criteria and factors related to recovery from schizophrenia. International Review of Psychiatry, 14(4), 256–272.
Liberman, R. P., Mueser, K. T., Wallace, C. J., Jacobs, H. E., Eckman, T., & Massel, H. K. (1986). Training skills in the psychiatrically disabled: Learning coping and competence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12(4), 631–647.
Lukoff, D., Wallace, C. J., Liberman, R. P., & Burke, K. (1986). A holistic program for chronic schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12(2), 274–282.
Lysaker, P. H., Wickett, A. M., Wilke, N., & Lysaker, J. (2003). Narrative incoherence in schizophrenia: The absent agent-protagonist and the collapse of internal dialogue. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 57(2), 153–166.
MacDonald-Wilson, K. L., Nemec, P. B., Anthony, W. A., & Cohen, M. R. (2002). Assessment in psychiatric rehabilitation. Handbook of measurement and evaluation in rehabilitation. Baltimore: Paul Brookes.
Macias, C., Jackson, R., Schroeder, C., & Wang, Q. (1999). What is a clubhouse? Report on the ICCD 1996 survey of USA Clubhouses. Community Mental Health Journal, 35(2), 181–190. doi:10.1023/A:1018776815886
Magaro, P., Gripp, R., McDowell, D., & Miller, I. (1978). The mental health industry: A cultural phenomenon. New York: Wiley.
Maslin, J. (2003). Substance misuse in psychosis: Contextual issues. In H. L. Graham, A. Copello, M. J. Birchwood, & K. T. Mueser (Eds.), Substance misuse in psychosis: Approaches to treatment and service delivery (pp. 3–23). West Sussex, England: Wiley.
Mausbach, B. T., Moore, R., Bowie, C., Cardenas, V., & Patterson, T. L. (2009). A review of instruments for measuring functional recovery in those diagnosed with psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(2), 307–318.
McGurk, S. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2006). Strategies for coping with cognitive impairments of clients in supported employment. Psychiatric Services, 57(10), 1421–1429.
McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Feldman, K., Wolfe, R., & Pascaris, A. (2007). Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 437–441.
McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., & Pascaris, A. (2005). Cognitive training and supported employment for persons with severe mental illness: One-year results from a randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(4), 898–909.
Mueser, K. T., Clark, R. E., Haines, M., Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., Bond, G. R., et al. (2004a). The Hartford study of supported employment for persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 479–490.
Mueser, K. T., Corrigan, P. W., Hilton, D. W., Tanzman, B., Schaub, A., Gingerich, S., et al. (2002). Illness management and recovery: A review of the research. Psychiatric Services, 53(10), 1272–1284.
Mueser, K. T., Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (1997). Recent advances in psychiatric rehabilitation for patients with severe mental illness. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 5(3), 123–137.
Mueser, K., & Glynn, S. (1995). Behavioral family therapy for psychiatric disorders. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Mueser, K. T., Meyer, P. S., Penn, D. L., Clancy, R., Clancy, D. M., & Salyers, M. P. (2006). The illness management and recovery program: Rationale, development, and preliminary findings. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(suppl 1), S32–S43.
Mueser, K. T., Salyers, M. P., Rosenberg, S. D., Goodman, L. A., Essock, S. M., Osher, F. C., et al. (2004b). Interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: Demographic, clinical, and health correlates. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 45–57.
Onken, S. J., Dumont, J. M., Ridgway, P., Dornan, D. H., & Ralph, R. O. (2002, October). Mental health recovery: What helps and what hinders? A national research project for the development of recovery facilitating system performance indicators. Phase one research report: A national study of consumer perspectives on what helps and hinders mental health recovery. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD) National Technical Assistance Center (NTAC).
Paul, G. L., & Lentz, R. J. (1977). Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients: Milieu vs. social learning programs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Peer, J. E., & Spaulding, W. D. (2007). Heterogeneity in recovery of psychosocial functioning during psychiatric rehabilitation: an exploratory study using latent growth mixture modeling. Schizophr Research, 93(1–3), 186–193.
Peer, J., Strachan, E., & Spaulding, W. (2008). Heterogeneity in behavioral treatment response in severe mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 198–206.
Pelham, W. E., Fabiano, G. A., & Massetti, G. M. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 449–476.
Persons, J. B., Beckner, V. L., & Tompkins, M. A. (2013). Testing case formulation hypotheses in psychotherapy: Two case examples. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(4), 399–409.
Persons, J. B., Roberts, N. A., Zalecki, C. A., & Brechwald, W. A. (2006). Naturalistic outcome of case formulation-driven cognitive-behavior therapy for anxious depressed outpatients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(7), 1041–1051.
Persons, J. B., & Tompkins, M. A. (1997). Cognitive-behavioral case formulation. Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation, 314–339.
Pratt, C., Gill, K., Barrett, N., & Roberts, M. (2014). Psychiatric rehabilitation (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003), Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America. Rockville MD: SAMSHA. Retrieved from https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA03-3831/SMA03-3831.pdf
Ralph, R. O., Kidder, K., & Phillips, D. (2000). Can we measure recovery? A compendium of recovery and recovery-related instruments. The Human Services Research Institute (HSRI) Evaluation Center. Retrieved from http://www.tecathsri.org/pub_pickup/pn/pn-43.pdf
Rapp, C. A., & Goscha, R. J. (2011). The strengths model: A recovery-oriented approach to mental health services. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1–25.
Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121–148.
Roberts, L., Salem, D., Rappaport, J., Toro, P., Luke, D., & Seidman, E. (1999). Giving and receiving help: Interpersonal transactions in mutual-help meetings and psychosocial adjustment of members. American Journal of Community Psychiatry, 27(6), 841–868.
Robinson, D., Woerner, M. G., Alvir, J. M. J., Bilder, R., Goldman, R., Geisler, S., et al. (1999). Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(3), 241–247.
Roe, D. (2003). A prospective study on the relationship between self-esteem and functioning during the first year after being hospitalized for psychosis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(1), 45–49.
Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry, 20(8), 529–539.
Sackett, D. L., Rosenberg, W., Gray, J. A., Haynes, R., & Richardson, W. (1996). Evidence-based medicine: What it is and what it isn't. BMJ, 312, 71–72.
Schimming, C., & Harvey, P. D. (2004). Disability reduction in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10(5), 283–295.
Schulze, B., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2003). Subjective experiences of stigma. A focus group study of schizophrenic patients, their relatives and mental health professionals. Social Science and Medicine, 56(2), 299–312.
Sells, D., Davidson, L., Jewell, C., Falzer, P., & Rowe, M. (2006). The treatment relationship in peer-based and regular case management for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57(8), 1179–1184.
Sheedy, C., & Whitter, M. (2009). Guiding principles and elements of recovery-oriented systems of care: What do we know from the research? HHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4439; Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Sherman, M. D., Fischer, E., Bowling, U. B., Dixon, L., Ridener, L., & Harrison, D. (2009). A new engagement strategy in a VA-based family psychoeducation program. Psychiatric Services, 60(2), 254–257. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.60.2.254
Silverstein, S. M., & Bellack, A. S. (2008). A scientific agenda for the concept of recovery as it applies to schizophrenia. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1108–1124. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.03.004
Silverstein, S., Hatashita-Wong, M., Wilkniss, S. M., Blcoh, A., Smith, T., Savitz, A., & Terkelsen, K. (2006). Behavioral rehabilitation of the treatment-refractory schizophrenia patient: Conceptual foundations, interventions and outcome data. Psychological Services, 3, 145–169.
Silverstein, S. M., Spaulding, W. D., Menditto, A. A., Savitz, A., Liberman, R. P., Berten, S., & Starobin, H. (2009). Attention shaping: A reward-based learning method to enhance skills training outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(1), 222–232.
Sisti, D. A., Segal, A. G., & Emanuel, E. J. (2015). Improving long-term psychiatric care: Bring back the asylum. Journal of the American Medical Association, 313(3), 243–244. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.16088
Smith, M. K., & Ford, J. (1990). A client-developed functional level scale: The community living skills scale (CLSS). Journal of Social Service Research, 13(3), 61–84.
Smith, T. E., Hull, J. W., Huppert, J. D., Silverstein, S. M., Anthony, D. T., & McClough, J. F. (2004). Insight and recovery from psychosis in chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(2), 169–176.
Solomon, P. (2004). Peer support/peer provided services underlying processes, benefits, and critical ingredients. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(4), 392–401.
Spaulding, W. (Ed.). (1999). The role of the state hospital in the 21st century (Vol. 84). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Spaulding, W., & Deogun, J. (2011). A pathway to personalization of integrated treatment: Informatics and decision science in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(suppl. 2), S129–S137.
Spaulding, W., Reed, D., Sullivan, M., Richardson, C., & Weiler, M. (1999). Effects of cognitive treatment in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(4), 657–676.
Spaulding, W., Sullivan, M., & Poland, J. (2003). Treatment and rehabilitation of severe mental illness. New York: Guilford.
Spaulding, W. D., Sullivan, M. E., Poland, J. S., & Ritchie, A. J. (2010). State psychiatric institutions and the left-behinds of mental health reform. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(3), 327–333.
Styron, T. H., Shaw, M., McDuffie, E., & Hoge, M. A. (2005). Curriculum resources for training direct care providers in public sector mental health. Administration and Policy In Mental Health, 32(5–6), 633–649.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Recovery and recovery support. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/
Swann, W. B., Chang-Schneider, C., & McClarty, K. L. (2007). Do people’s self-views matter? American Psychologist, 62(2), 84–94.
Swift, C., & Levin, G. (1987). Empowerment: An emerging mental health technology. Journal of Primary Prevention, 8(1–2), 71–94.
Tandon, R., Bruijnzeel, D., & Rankupalli, B. (2013). Does change in definition of psychotic symptoms in diagnosis of schizophrenia in DSM-5 affect caseness? Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(4), 330–332. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.05.011.
Tarasenko, M., Sullivan, M., Ritchie, A., & Spaulding, W. (2013). The effects of eliminating psychiatric rehabilitation from the secure levels of a psychiatric service system. Psychological Services, 10, 442–451.
Torrey, E. F. (2015). Bungling the job on substance abuse and mental health. The Wall Street Journal. Retirved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/e-fuller-torrey-bungling-the-job-on-substance-abuse-and-mental-health-1428099529
Tsai, J., Salyers, M. P., & Lobb, A. L. (2010). Recovery-oriented training and staff attitudes over time in two state hospitals. Psychiatric Quarterly, 81(4), 335–347. doi:10.1007/s11126-010-9142-2
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2014). MENTAL HEALTH: HHS leadership needed to coordinate federal efforts related to serious mental illness. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/667644.pdf
U.S. Surgeon General. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville MD: National Institutes of Health, DHHS. Retrieved from http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/NNBBHS
Vauth, R., Kleim, B., Wirtz, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2007). Self-efficacy and empowerment as outcomes of self-stigmatizing and coping in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 150(1), 71–80.
Ventura, J., Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnick, K. L., Green, M. F., & Gitlin, M. J. (2004). Self-efficacy and neurocognition may be related to coping responses in recent onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 69(2), 343–352.
Wallace, C. J., & Liberman, R. P. (2004). Supplementing supported employment with the workplace fundamentals module. Psychiatric Services, 55, 513–515.
Weissman, M. M., Verdeli, H., Gameroff, M. J., Bledsoe, S. E., Betts, K., Mufson, L., et al. (2006). National survey of psychotherapy training in psychiatry, psychology, and social work. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(8), 925–934.
Wickett, A., Essman, W., Beck-Jennings, J., Davis, L., McIlvried, J., & Lysaker, P. H. (2006). Cluster B and C personality traits, symptom correlates, and treatment utilization in postacute schizophrenia. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(9), 650–653.
Wikipedia. (2015). Recovery approach. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_approach
Wing, J. K., Beevor, A. S., Curtis, R. H., Park, S. B., Hadden, S., & Burns, A. (1998). Health of the nation outcome scales (HoNOS). Research and development. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 172(1), 11–18.
Wong, S., Massel, H., Mosk, M., & Liberman, R. (1986). Behavioral approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia. In G. Burroughs, T. Norman, & G. Rubenstein (Eds.), Handbook of studies on schizophrenia (pp. 79–100). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Yamada, A., Lee, K. K., Dinh, T. Q., Barrio, C., & Brekke, J. S. (2010). Intrinsic motivation as a mediator of relationships between symptoms and functioning among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in a diverse urban community. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(1), 28–34. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181c8aa71
Young, S. L., & Ensing, D. S. (1999). Exploring recovery from the perspective of people with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(3), 219.
Young, A. S., Forquer, S. L., Tran, A., Starzynski, M., & Shatkin, J. (2000). Identifying clinical competencies that support rehabilitation and empowerment in individuals with severe mental illness. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 27(3), 321–333.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Spaulding, W.D., Montague, E., Avila, A., Sullivan, M.E. (2016). The Idea of Recovery. In: Singh, N., Barber, J., Van Sant, S. (eds) Handbook of Recovery in Inpatient Psychiatry . Evidence-Based Practices in Behavioral Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40537-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40537-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40535-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40537-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)