Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pathologic Features of Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Malignancies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Gastrointestinal Malignancies

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR))

  • 1261 Accesses

Abstract

In the mammalian liver, 60 % of the cellular components are hepatocytes while the remainder (35 %) includes biliary epithelium, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, fat storing cells and connective tissue cells. Although neoplasms of hepatocytes are the most common, a significant number of both benign and malignant primary liver neoplasms arising from other cell types can develop, such as tumors of bile duct epithelium (Table 1). In addition, the liver is one of the most susceptible sites for metastatic tumors arising from other organs of the body. Not too long ago, liver tumors were left untreated because the liver was considered a complex and mysterious organ inaccessible to surgery. Advances in imaging procedures and surgical techniques over the past 40 years have revolutionized the approaches to the treatment of benign and malignant liver tumors. Subsegmentectomy, segmentectomy, lobectomy, and transplantation are routinely performed for the treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumors with minimal morbidity and mortality. Since accurate diagnosis remains the key to clinical and surgical management, the emphasis of this chapter is on classification, morphological features and differential diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the liver.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abraham SC, Lee JH, Hruban RH et al (2003) Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis of intraductal papillary neoplasms of the biliary tract. Hum Pathol 34:902–910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Adam R, Aloia T, Krissat J et al (2006) Is liver resection justified for patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer? Ann Surg 244:897–908

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Adson MA, van Heerden JA, Adson MH et al (1984) Resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Arch Surg 119:647–651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA, Reichman ME (2009) Liver cancer rates triple: hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States From 1975 to 2005. J Clin Oncol 27:1485–1491

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Altman HW (1988) Epithelial and mixed hepatoblastoma in the adult. Histological observations and general considerations. Path Res Pract 188:16–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Anthony PP (1987) Tumors and tumor-like lesions of the liver and biliary tract. In: MacSween RMM, Anthony PP, Scheuer PJ (eds) Pathology of the liver, 2nd edn. Churchhill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bennan MM, Libbey NP, Foster JH (1980) Hepatocellular carcinoma, polygonal cell type with fibrous stroma- an atypical variant with a favourable prognosis. Cancer 46:1448–1455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Berman MA, Burnham JA, Shehan DU (1988) Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver: an immunohistochemical study of nineteen cases and a review of the literature. Hum Pathol 19:784–794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bove K, Blough R, Soukup S (1998) Third report of t(19q)(13.4) in mesenchymal hamartoma of liver with comments on link to embryonal sarcoma. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1:438–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Broomé U, Olsson R, Lööf L et al (1996) Natural history and prognostic factors in 305 Swedish patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 38:610–615

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Cerar A, Dolenc-Strazar Z, Bartenjev D (1996) Infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver in a neonate: immunohistochemical observations. Am J Surg Pathol 20:871–876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen MF, Jan YY, Chen TC (1998) Clinical studies of mucin producing cholangiocellular carcinoma: a study of 22 histopathology-proven cases. Ann Surg 227:63–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen Y, Guo Y, Ge X, Itoh H, Watanabe A, Fujiwara T, Kodama T, Aburatani H (2006) Elevated expression and potential roles of human Sp5, a member of Sp transcription factor family, in human cancers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 340:758–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Cheung ST, Leung KL, Ip YC, Chen X, Fong DY, Ng IO, Fan ST, So S (2005) Claudin-10 expression level is associated with recurrence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 11:551–556

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cheung ST, Wong SY, Leung KL, Chen X, So S, Ng IO, Fan ST (2004) Granulin-epithelin precursor overexpression promotes growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 10:7629–7636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chow LT, Ahjuja AT, Kwong KH et al (1997) Mucinous cholangiocarcinoma: an unusual complication of hepatolithiasis and recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. Histopathology 30:491–494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cody B (1983) Natural history of primary and secondary tumors of the liver. Sem Oncol 10:127–134

    Google Scholar 

  18. Colombari R, Tsui WM (1995) Biliary tumors of the liver. Sm Liver Dis 15:402–413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Conran R, Hitchcock C, Waclawiw M et al (1992) Hepatoblastoma: the prognostic significance of histologic type. Pediatr Pathol 12:167–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Craig JR, Peters RL, Edmondson HA et al (1980) Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver: a tumor of adolescents and young adults with distinctive clincopathologic features. Cancer 46:372–379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Craig J, Peters R, Edmondson H (1989a) Primary malignant epithelial tumors. In: Hartmann W, Sobin L (eds) Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. 2nd series, AFIP, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  22. Craig J, Peters R, Edmondson H (1989b) Tumors of heterotopic tissue and uncertain origin. In: Hartmann W, Sobin L (eds) Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. 2nd series, AFIP, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  23. de Groen PC, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF et al (1999) Biliary tract cancers. N Engl J Med 341:1368–1378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Dean PJ, Haggitt RC, O’hara CJ (1989) Malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver in young women. Relationship to oral contraceptive use. Am J Surg Pathol 9:695–704

    Google Scholar 

  25. Demirhan B, Sokmensuer C, Karakayali H et al (1997) Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the liver. J Clin Pathol 50:74–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Antonescu CR et al (2010) NCCN Task Force report: update on the management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 8(Suppl 2):S1–S41

    Google Scholar 

  27. Derrico A, Baccarini P, Florentino M et al (1996) Histogenesis of primary liver carcinomas: strengths and weaknesses of cytokeratin profile and albumin mRNA detection. Hum Path 27:599–604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Edmondson HA, Steiner PE (1954) Primary carcinoma of the liver: a study of 100 cases among 48,900 necropsies. Cancer 7:462–503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Elias D, Maisonnette F, Druet-Cabanac M et al (2003) An attempt to clarify indications for hepatectomy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Am J Surg 185:158–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Emile JF, Lemoine A, Azoulay D et al (2001) Histological, genomic and clinical heterogeneity of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma. Histopathology 38:225–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fachi DC, Shikes RH, Silverberg SA (1982) Ultrastructure of fibrolamellar oncocytic hepatoma. Cancer 50:702–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Farber E, Sarma DSR (1987) Hepatocarcinogenesis: a dynamic cellular perspective. Lab Invest 56:4–22

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fernandez-Izquierdo A, Llombart-Bosch A (1987) Immunohistochemical characterization of 130 cases of primary hepatic carcinomas. Path Res Pract 182:783-191

    Google Scholar 

  34. Fischer HP, Doppl W, Osborn M et al (1988) Evidence for a hepatocellular lineage in a combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma of transitional type. Virch Arch 56:71–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL et al (1999) Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 230:309–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Fu Y, Kobayashi S, Kushida Y et al (1991) Sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma with chondroid variant: case report with immunohistochemical findings. Pathol Int 50:919–922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ganjei P, Nadji M, Albores-Saavedia J et al (1998) Histologic markers in primary and metastatic tumors of the liver. Cancer 62:1994–1998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Garber JE, Li FP, Kingston JE et al (1988) Hepatoblastoma and familial adenomatous polyposis. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:1626–1628

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gayowski TJ, Iwatsuki S, Madariaga JR et al (1994) Experience in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of clinical and pathologic risk factors. Surgery 116:703–711

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Gonzalez-Crussi F, Upton MP, Maurer HS (1982) Hepatoblastoma: attempt at characterization of histologic subtypes. Am J Surg Pathol 6:599–612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Goodman Z, Ishak K, Langloss J et al (1985) Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a histologic and immunohistochemical study. Cancer 55:124–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Goodman Z (2006) Tumours and tumour-like lesions of the liver. In: Burt A, Portmann B, Ferrell LD (eds) MacSween’s pathology of the liver, 5th edn. Elsevier, London

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gresham G, Rue L (1985) Squamous cell carcinoma of the liver. Hum Pathol 16:413–416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Haratake J, Horie A (1991) An immunohistochemical study of sarcomatoid liver carcinomas. Cancer 68:93–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Haas JE, Muzsynski KA, Krailo M et al (1989) Histopathology and prognosis in childhood hepatoblastoma and hepatocarcinoma. Cancer 4:1082–1095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Haglund C, Lindgren J, Roberts PJ et al (1991) Difference in tissue expression of tumour markers CA 19-9 and CA 50 in hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 63:386–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Hezel AF, Deshpande V, Zhu AX (2010) Genetics of biliary tract cancers and emerging targeted therapies. J Clin Oncol 28:3531–3540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Hood DL, Bauer TW, Leibel SA et al (1990) Hepatic giant cell carcinoma: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Path 93:111–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hughes KS, Simon R, Songhorabodi S et al (1986) Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of patterns of recurrence. Surgery 100:278–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hughes LI, Michels W (1992) Risk of hepatoblastoma in familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Med Genet 43:1023–1025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hui AM, Sakamoto M, Kanai Y, Ino Y, Gotoh M, Yokota J, Hirohashi S (1996) Inactivation of p16INK4 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 24(3):575–579. PMID:8781327

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hytiroglou P, Theise ND, Schwartz M et al (1995) Macroregenerative nodules in a series of adult cirrhotic liver explants: issues of classification and nomenclature. Hepatology 21:703–708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Iida H, Honda M, Kawai HF, Yamashita T, Shirota Y, Wang BC, Miao H, Kaneko S (2005) Ephrin-A1 expression contributes to the malignant characteristics of (alpha)-fetoprotein producing hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 54:843–851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Isa T, Tomita S, Nakachi A et al (2002) Analysis of microsatellite instability, K-ras gene mutation and p53 protein overexpression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 49:604–608

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Isaji S, Kawarada Y, Taoka H et al (1999) Clinicopathological features and outcome of hepatic resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Japan. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 6:108–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ishak KG, Anthony PP, Sobin LH (1994) Histological typing of tumors of the liver, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  57. Ishak KA, Sesterhenn IA, Goodman ZD et al (1984) Epitheloid hemangioendothelioma of the liver: a clinicopathologic and follow-up study of 32 cases. Hum Pathol 25:839–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Ito Y, Kojiro M, Nakashima T et al (1998) Pathomorphologic characteristics of 102 cases of thorotrast-related hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and hepatic angiosarcoma. Cancer 62:1153–1162

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ito H, Funahashi S, Yamauchi N, Shibahara J, Midorikawa Y, Kawai S, Kinoshita Y, Watanabe A, Hippo Y, Ohtomo T, Iwanari H, Nakajima A, Makuuchi M, Fukayama M, Hirata Y, Hamakubo T, Kodama T, Tsuchiya M, Aburatani H (2006) Identification of ROBO1 as a novel hepatocellular carcinoma antigen and a potential therapeutic

    Google Scholar 

  60. Jalanko H, Kunsela P, Roberts S et al (1984) Comparison of a new marker CA-19-9T, with α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with upper gastrointestinal disease. J Clin Pathol 37:218–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Jarnagin WR (2000) Cholangiocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Semin Surg Oncol 19:156–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kang YK, Kim WH, Lee HW et al (1999) Mutation of p53 and K-ras, and loss of heterozygosity of APC in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Lab Invest 79:477–483

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kaposi M (1872) Idiopathisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut. Arch Dermatol Syph 4:265–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Kato T, Satoh S, Okabe H, Kitahara O, Ono K, Kihara C, Tanaka T, Tsunoda T, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y, Furukawa Y (2001) Isolation of a novel human gene, MARKL1, homologous to MARK3 and its involvement in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Neoplasia 3:4–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Kawamoto K, Onodera H, Kan S et al (1999) Possible paracrine mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-2 in the development of liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 85:18–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kelleher MB, Inatsuki S, Sheahau DG (1989) Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of liver. Histopathology 13:999–1008

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kiani B, Ferrell LD, Qualman S et al (2006) Immunohistochemical analysis of embryonal sarcoma of the liver. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morpho 14:193–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Kim HJ, Kim MH, Lee SK et al (2000) Mucin-hypersecreting bile duct tumor characterized by a striking homology with an intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) of the pancreas. Endoscopy 32:389–393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kim SH, Lim HK, Lee WJ et al (2009) Scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with usual hepatocellular carcinoma based on CT-pathologic features and long-term results after curative resection. Eur J Radiol 69:123–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kim YS, Myung ST, Kim SY et al (1998) Biliary papillomatosis: clinical, cholangiographic and cholangioscopic findings. Endoscopy 30:763–767

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Klatskin A, Conn HO (1993) Neoplasms of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. In: Klatskin A, Conn HO (eds) Histopathology of the liver. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  72. Kojiro M, Sugihara S, Kakizoe S et al (1989) Hepatocellular carcinoma with sarcomatous change: a special reference to the relationship with anticancer therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 23:S4–S8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kojiro M, Nakashima O (1999) Histopathologic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma with special reference to small early stage tumors. Sem Liver Dis 29:287–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Kondo F, Firooka N, Wada K et al (1987) Morphological clues for the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Virch Arch 411:15–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kondo Y, Wakajima T (1987) Pseudoglandular hepatocellular carcinoma. A morphologic study. Cancer 60:1032–1037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kuwano H, Sonada T, Hashimoto H et al (1984) Hepatocellular carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells. Cancer 54:837–842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lack BE, Neave C, Vawter GF (1982) Hepatoblastoma, a clinical and pathologic study of 54 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 6:693–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Lack E, Schloo B, Azumi N et al (1991) Undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma of the liver: clinical and pathologic study of 16 cases with emphasis on immunohistochemical features. Am J Surg Pathol 15:1–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lam CM, Yuen ST, Yuen WK et al (1996) Biliary papillomatosis. Br J Surg 83:1715–1716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lao XM, Zhang YQ, Jin X et al (2006) Primary clear cell carcinoma of liver–clinicopathologic features and surgical results of 18 cases. Hepatogastroenterology 53:128–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lauwers G, Grant L, Donnelly W et al (1997) Hepatic undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma arising in a mesenchymal hamartoma. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1248–1254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lefkowitch JH, Muschel R, Price JB et al (1983) Copper and copper-binding protein in fibrolamellar liver cell carcinoma. Cancer 51:97–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee JW, Han JK, Kim TK et al (2000) CT features of intraductal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:721–725

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lee SS, Kim MH, Lee SK et al (2004) Clinicopathologic review of 58 patients with biliary papillomatosis. Cancer 100:783–793

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Leonard GD, Brenner B, Kemeny NE (2005) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before liver resection for patients with unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 23:2038–2048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Lim JH, Yi CA, Lim HK et al (2002) Radiological spectrum of intraductal papillary tumors of the bile ducts. Korean J Radiol 3:57–63

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Liu Z, Ma W, Li H et al (2008) Clinicopathological and prognostic features of primary clear cell carcinoma of the liver. Hepatol Res 38:291–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Maeda T, Adachi E, Kajiyama K et al (1996) Spindle cell hepatocellular carcinoma. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 15 cases. Cancer 77:51–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Mansuroglu T, Ramadori P, Dudás J et al (2009) Expression of stem cell factor and its receptor c-Kit during the development of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Lab Invest 89:562–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Matoba K, Iizuka N, Gondo T, Ishihara T, Yamada-Okabe H, Tamesa T, Takemoto N, Hashimoto K, Sakamoto K, Miyamoto T, Uchimura S, Hamamoto Y, Oka M (2005) Tumor HLA-DR expression linked to early intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 115:231–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Matsuura S, Aishima S, Taguchi K et al (2005) Scirrhous type hepatocellular carcinomas: a special reference to expression of cytokeratin 7 and hepatocyte paraffin 1. Histopathology 47:382–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mazur MT, Clark HB (1983) Gastric stromal tumors. Reappraisal of histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 7:507–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. McKay SC, Unger K, Pericleous S, Stamp G, Thomas G, Hutchins RR et al (2011) Array comparative genomic hybridization identifies novel potential therapeutic targets in cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 13:309–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Meriden Z, Wells R, Makar G, Reddy R, Furth EE (2010) Histologically but not clinically defined fibrosing cholestatic Hepatitis C is predictive of poor patient outcomes in the liver transplant population. Mod Pathol 23(Suppl 1):365A

    Google Scholar 

  95. Midorikawa Y, Ishikawa S, Iwanari H, Imamura T, Sakamoto H, Miyazono K, Kodama T, Makuuchi M, Aburatani H (2003) Glypican-3, overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, modulates FGF2 and BMP-7 signaling. Int J Cancer 103:455–465

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Munoz PA, Rao MS, Reddy JK (1980) Osteoclastoma-like giant cell tumor of the liver. Cancer 46:771–779

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Murakata LA, Ishak KG, Nzeako UC (2000) Clear cell carcinoma of the liver: a comparative immunohistochemical study with renal clear cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 13:874–881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Nakajima T, Kondo Y, Miyazaki M et al (1988) A histopathologic study of 102 cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: histologic classification and modes of spreading. Hum Pathol 19:1228–1234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Ishikawa A et al (2002) Biliary papillary neoplasm of the liver. Histol Histopathol 17:851–861

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Nanashima A, Kinoshita N, Nakanuma Y et al (2008) Clinicopathological features of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct and patient outcome after surgical resection. Hepatogastroenterology 55:1167–1173

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Nazir Z, Pervez S (2006) Malignant vascular tumors of liver in neonates. J Pediatr Surg 41:e49–e51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Nehls O, Gregor M, Klump B (2004) Serum and bile markers for cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 24:139–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Nelson V, Fernandes NF, Woolf GM et al (2001) Primary liposarcoma of the liver: a case report and review of literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 125:410–412

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ng IO, Lai EC, Ng MM et al (1992) Tumor encapsulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 70:45–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Ng IO, Shek TW, Nicholls J et al (1998) Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:34–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Nomoto K, Tsuneyama K, Cheng C et al (2006) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma arising in cirrhotic liver frequently expressed p63-positive basal/stem-cell phenotype. Pathol Res Pract 202:71–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Obama K, Ura K, Li M, Katagiri T, Tsunoda T, Nomura A et al (2005) Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 41:1339–1348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Okabe H, Satoh S, Furukawa Y, Kato T, Hasegawa S, Nakajima Y, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y (2003) Involvement of PEG10 in human hepatocellular carcinogenesis through interaction with SIAH1. Cancer Res 63:3043–3048

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Okabe H, Furukawa Y, Kato T, Hasegawa S, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y (2004) Isolation of development and differentiation enhancing factor-like 1 (DDEFL1) as a drug target for hepatocellular carcinomas. Int J Oncol 24:43–48

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Okuda K (2000) Hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 32:225–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Okuda K, Peters RL, Simson IW (1984) Gross anatomic features of hepatocellular carcinoma from three disparate geographic areas. Proposal of new classification. Cancer 54:2165–2173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Okuda K, Okuda H (1999) Primary liver cell carcinoma. In: Bircher J, Benhamon J, Mcintyre N, Rizzetto M, Rodes J (eds) Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, USA

    Google Scholar 

  113. Orikasa H, Ohyama R, Tsuka N et al (2001) Lipid-rich clear-cell hepatocellular carcinoma arising in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a patient with diabetes mellitus. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 33:195–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Ornata M, Peters RL, Tatter D (1981) Sclerosing hepatic carcinoma: relationship to hypercalcemia. Liver 1:33–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Paik KY, Heo JS, Choi SH et al (2008) Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile ducts: the clinical features and surgical outcome of 25 cases. J Surg Oncol 97:508–512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Parham D, Peiper S, Robicheaux G et al (1988) Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver: evidence for epithelial differentiation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112:61–64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Parham D, Weeks D, Beckwith J (1994) The clinicopathologic spectrum of putative extrarenal rhabdoid tumors: an analysis of 42 cases studied with immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy. Am J Surg Pathol 18:1010–1029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Payne CM, Nagle RB, Paplanus SH et al (1986) Fibrolamellar carcinoma of liver: a primary malignant oncocytic carcinoid? Ultrastruct Pathol 10:539–552

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Popper H, Thomas LB, Teller NC et al (1978) Development of hepatic angiosarcoma induced by vinyl chloride, thorotrast and arsenic. Comparison with cases of unknown etiology. Am J Pathol 92:349–376

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Premalata CS, Kumar RV, Appaji L et al (2005) Childhood hepatic angiosarcoma–a case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 48:487–489

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Raab R, Nussbaum KT, Behrend M et al (1998) Liver metastases of breast cancer: results of liver resection. Anticancer Res 18:2231–2233

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Raut CP, Posner M, Desai J et al (2006) Surgical management of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors after treatment with targeted systemic therapy using kinase inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 24:2325–2331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Reynolds M (1999) Pediatric liver tumors. Sem Surg Oncol 16:159–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Rivaney K, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG (1994) Hepatobiliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. A light microscopic and immunohistochemical study of 70 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 18:1078–1091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Taswell HF et al (1992) Perioperative blood transfusion and determinants of survival after liver resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 216:493–505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Ruck P, Xiao JC, Kaiseling E (1996) Small epithelial cells and histogenesis of hepatoblastoma. Electron-microscopic, immuno-electronmiroscopic and immunohistochemical findings. Am J Pathol 148:321–329

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Rullier A, Le Baid B, Fawaz R et al (2000) Cytokeratin 7 and 20 expression in cholangiocarcinoma varies along the biliary tract but still differs from that in colorectal carcinoma metastatsis. Am J Surg Pathol 24:870–876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Sari N, Yalcin B, Akyüz C et al (2006) Infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 23:639–647

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto J, Yoshimoto M et al (2005) Hepatic resection for metastatic breast cancer: prognostic analysis of 34 patients. World J Surg 29:524–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Satyanarayana A, Manns MP, Rudolph I (2004) Telomerases and telomerase: a dual role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 40:276–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Schlag P, Hohenberger P, Herfarth C (1990) Resection of liver metastases in colorectal cancer–competitive analysis of treatment results in synchronous versus metachronous metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 16:360–365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Schwartz DA (1986) Cholangiocarcinoma associated with liver fluke infection: a preventable source of morbidity in Asian immigrants. Am J Gastroenterol 81:76–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Shaib YH, Davila JA, McGlynn K et al (2004) Rising incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a true increase? J Hepatol 40:472–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Shaib YH, El-Serag HB, Davila JA et al (2005) Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 128:620–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Shiono S, Suda K, Nobukawa B et al (2006) Pancreatic, hepatic, splenic, and mesenteric mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) are lumped together as extra ovarian MCN. Pathol Int 56:71–77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Singletary SE, Walsh G, Vauthey JN et al (2003) A role for curative surgery in the treatment of selected patients with metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 8:241–251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Stocker JT (1994) Hepatoblastoma. Sem Diag Pathol 11:136–143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Stocker JT, Ishak KG (1978) Undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma of the liver. Report of 31 cases. Cancer 42:336–348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Sugiki T, Yamamoto M, Aruga A et al (2004) Immunohistological evaluation of single small hepatocellular carcinoma with negative staining of monoclonal antibody hepatocyte paraffin 1. J Surg Oncol 88:104–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Suh KS, Roh HR, Koh YT et al (2000) Clinicopathologic features of the intraductal growth type of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 31:12–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Sussman JJ, Ellis LM (1997) Current therapy for hepatic mutations. Cur Hepatol 17:195–215

    Google Scholar 

  142. Suzuki A, Suzuki S, Sakaguchi T et al (2008) A case of mucinproducing cholangiocarcinoma arising from the right hepatic duct. Jpn J Gastroenterol Surg 41:206–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Takahashi A, Saito H, Kanno Y et al (2008) Case of clear-cell hepatocellular carcinoma that developed in the normal liver of a middle-aged woman. World J Gastroenterol 14:129–131

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Tao L (1991) Oral contraceptive-associated liver cell adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: cytomorphology and mechanism of malignant transformation. Cancer 68:341–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Theise ND (1995) Macroregenerative (dysplastic) nodules and hepatocarcinogenesis theoretical and clinical considerations. Sem Liver Dis 15:360–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Theise ND, Curado Franceschi S et al (2010) Hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) WHO classification of tumour of the digestive system. IACR, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  147. Tsao M, Grisham JW (1987) Hepatocarcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas and hepatoblastomas produced by chemically transformed cultured rat liver epithelial cells. A light and electron-microscopic analysis. Am J Pathol 127:168–181

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Vaughan WG, Sanders DW, Grosfeld JL et al (1995) Favorable outcome in children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and intra-abdominal malignant tumors. J Pediatr Surg 30:1042–1044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Vauthey JN, Blumgart LH (1994) Recent advances in the management of cholangiocarcinomas. Semin Liver Dis 14:109–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Wang W, Yang LY, Huang GW, Lu WQ, Yang ZL, Yang JQ, Liu HL (2004) Genomic analysis reveals RhoC as a potential marker in hepatocellular carcinoma with poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 90:2349–2355

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Weichhold W, Labouyrie E, Merlio J et al (1995) Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the liver. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1197–1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Wittekind C, Fischer HP, Ponchon T (2000) Bile duct cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 182–183

    Google Scholar 

  153. Woo HG, Park ES, Thorgeirsson SS, Kim YJ (2011) Exploring genomic profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 50:235–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Wu PC, Lai CL, Lam KC et al (1983) Clear cell carcinoma of liver. An ultrastructural study. Cancer 52:504–507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Yang SH, Watanabe J, Nakashima O et al (1996) Clinicopathologic study on clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Int 46:503–509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Yagyu R, Hamamoto R, Furukawa Y, Okabe H, Yamamura T, Nakamura Y (2002) Isolation and characterization of a novel human gene, VANGL1, as a therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 20:1173–1178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Yeh CT, Lu SC, Tseng IC, Lai HY, Tsao ML, Huang SF, Liaw YF (2003) Antisense overexpression of BMAL2 enhances cell proliferation. Oncogene 22:5306–5314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Yeo CT, Pitt HA, Cameron JL (1990) Cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Clin North Am 70:1429–1447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Yoshimoto M, Tada T, Saito M et al (2000) Surgical treatment of hepatic metastases from breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 59:177–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Zen Y, Fujii T, Itatsu K et al (2006) Biliary cystic tumors with bile duct communication: a cystic variant of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. Mod Pathol 19:1243–1254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Zen Y, Fujii T, Itatsu K et al (2006) Biliary papillary tumors share pathological features with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Hepatology 44:1333–1343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Zondervan PE, Wink J, Alers JC et al (2000) Molecular cytogenetic evaluation of virus-associated and non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of 26 carcinomas and 12 concurrent dysplasias. J Pathol 192:207–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health and UW Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA

    Kristina A. Matkowskyj

  2. Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    M. Sambasiva Rao & Guang-Yu Yang

  3. William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA

    Kristina A. Matkowskyj

Authors
  1. Kristina A. Matkowskyj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Sambasiva Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Guang-Yu Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristina A. Matkowskyj .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    David Bentrem

  2. Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Al B. Benson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matkowskyj, K.A., Rao, M.S., Yang, GY. (2016). Pathologic Features of Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Malignancies. In: Bentrem, D., Benson, A. (eds) Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Cancer Treatment and Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34244-3_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34244-3_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-34242-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-34244-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation