Abstract
Maps are the major instrument for the assessment of noise in European cities. They are the basis for informing the public and for formulating action plans. Environmental noise that is the subject of this chapter is defined as “unwanted or harmful outdoor sound created by human activities, including noise emitted by means of transport, road traffic, rail traffic, air traffic, and from sites of industrial activity” (European Parliament and Council 2002, Art. 2(1)).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The Aarhus Convention, adopted in 1998 by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), gives everyone the right to access environmental information that is held by public authorities, the right to participate in environmental decision-making, and the right to review procedures to challenge public decisions (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/aarhus/).
- 2.
LAeq or Leq is the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (cf. Sect. 9.2.3) that is, for example, the main indicator for aircraft noise in the UK. It describes the daily average movements during the 16-h day (7–23 o’clock local time) calculated over the 92-day summer period (16 June–15 September).
- 3.
Relevant community legislation is for example Directive 2003/4/EC that repeals Directive 90/313/EEC that was addressed in the END.
- 4.
This means de-logarithmised, added or averaged, and then logarithmised again.
- 5.
Lden is the A-weighted (cf. Sect. 9.2.3) long-term average sound level for daytime, evening and nighttime (7 am–7 pm, 7 pm–11 pm, 11 pm–7 am, with possible offsets for certain countries). An extra 5 dB is added for the evening level and 10 dB for the night level.
- 6.
This was the status at the editorial deadline of this volume in November 2015. The German Industrial Standard DIN 18005-2 (Beuth 1991) will be replaced by DIN 45682 that was under revision at the editorial deadline.
- 7.
Vierunddreißigste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (Verordnung über die Lärmkartierung) vom 6. März 2006 (BGBl. I S. 516).
- 8.
An example for a web track site is https://de.flightaware.com/live/airport/EGLL.
- 9.
The Sound Exposure Level is the “the sound level, in dB, of a one second burst of steady noise that contains the same total sound energy as the whole event. In other words, it is the value that would be measured if the energy of the entire event were compressed into a constant sound level lasting for one second.” (Airports Commission 2013a, p. 19).
- 10.
Department for Transport (2007) Attitudes to Noise from Aviation Sources in England (ANASE) study.
- 11.
http://www.widetag.com/widenoise/ (accessed April 2014).
- 12.
http://www.noisetube.net/download (accessed April 2014).
- 13.
http://www.da-sense.de/ (accessed April 2014).
References
Airports Commission: Discussion Paper 05: Airport Noise. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/223764/airports-commission-noise.pdf (2013a). Accessed April 2015
Airports Commission: Discussion Paper 05: Aviation Noise, London (2013b)
Aviation Environment Federation (AEF): Approach Noise at Heathrow: Concentrating the Problem, An AEF Report for HACAN. Aviation Environment Federation, London (2010)
Beuth: DIN 18005-2:1991, Noise Abatement in Town Planning: Noise Maps: Graphical Representation of Noise Pollution. Beuth, Berlin (1991)
Brewer, C.A.: Color use guidelines for mapping and visualization. In: MacEachren, A., Taylor, D.R.F. (eds.) Visualization in Modern Cartography. Elsevier Science, Tarrytown, NY (1994)
Bruitparif: http://carto.bruitparif.fr/carte_grandpublic_allege/flash/ (2014). Accessed April 2014
Civil Aviation Authority: ERCD REPORT 1301, Noise Exposure Contours for Heathrow Airport 2012. Civil Aviation Authority, London (2013)
European Parliament and Council: Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise (END) (2002)
Da_sense: http://www.da-sense.de/ (2014). Accessed April 2014
Defra (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs): http://services.defra.gov.uk/wps/portal/noise (2014). Accessed April 2014
European Commission (EC): http://ec.europa.eu/environment/noise/home.htm (2014). Accessed April 2014
European Environmental Agency: Good Practice Guide on Noise Exposure and Potential Health Effects. EEA, Copenhagen (2010)
EveryAware: http://www.everyaware.eu/ (2014). Accessed April 2014
Fletcher, H., Munson, W.A.: Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82–108 (1933)
Gov.uk: Heathrow actual contours average mode summer 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/noise-contours-on-os-maps (2014). Accessed April 2014
Gunther, L.: The Physics of Music and Color. Springer, New York/Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London (2011)
Hauthal, E., Burghardt, D.: Mapping space-related emotions out of user-generated photo metadata considering grammatical issues. Cartogr. J. (2014) (published online). doi:10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000094
ISO: ISO 1996-2:1987, Acoustics—Description and Measurement of Environmental Noise—Part 2: Acquisition of Data Pertinent to Land Use. ISO, Geneva (1987)
ISO: ISO 226:2003, Acoustics—Normal equal-loudness-level contours (2003)
Jenny, B., Kelso, N.V.: Color design for the color vision impaired. Cartogr. Perspect. 58, 61–67 (2007)
Kerr, A., Cunningham-Burley, S., Tutton, R.: Shifting subject positions, experts and lay people in public dialogue. Soc. Stud. Sci. 37(3), 385–411 (2007)
Kinkeldey, C.: Development of a prototype for uncertainty-aware geovisual analytics of land cover change. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 28, 2076–2089 (2014). doi:10.1080/13658816.2014.891037
Luebbe, E.: Farbempfindung, Farbbeschreibung und Farbmessung: Eine Formel für die Farbsättigung. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
NoiseTube: http://noisetube.net (2014). Accessed April 2014
Schiewe, J., Weninger, B.: Visual encoding of acoustic parameters—framework and application to noise mapping. Cartogr. J. 50(4), 332–344 (2013)
Schultz, T.J.: Synthesis of social surveys on noise annoyance. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 377–405 (1978)
Shi, W.: Principles of Modeling Uncertainties in Spatial Data and Spatial Analyses. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton (2010)
Stadtentwicklung Berlin: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/ka705.htm (2014). Accessed April 2014
Stevens, M.: Community Memories for Sustainable Societies: The Case of Environmental Noise. VUBPress, Brussels (2012)
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP): Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)
Weninger, B.: The effects of colour on the interpretation of official noise maps. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Cartographic Conference 2013 in Dresden, available at http://www.icc2013.org/_contxt/_medien/_upload/_proceeding/285_proceeding.pdf (2013). Accessed April 2014
Weninger, B.: A framework for color design of digital maps—an example of noise maps. In: Brus, J., Vondrakova, A., Vozenilek, V. (eds.) CARTOCON 2014—Modern Trends in Cartography. Springer, Berlin (2015a)
Weninger, B.: A color scheme for the presentation of sound immission in maps: requirements and principles for design. In: Proceedings, EuroNoise, 10th European Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, European Acoustics Association, May 31–Jun 3, 2015, Maastricht, The Netherlands (2015b)
Weninger, B.: An initial analysis of design parameters affecting the interpretation of noise maps: insights gained in empirical research. Kartographische Nachrichten 65(4), 208–216 (2015c)
World Health Organization (WHO): Guidelines for Community Noise. World Health Organization, Geneva (1999)
World Health Organization (WHO): http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/noise/data-and-statistics (2013). Accessed April 2014
Wynne, B.: Misunderstood misunderstanding: social identities and public uptake of science. Public Underst. Sci. 1(3), 281–304 (1992)
Acknowledgments
Part of this work is based on results gained within the project ‘Evaluation and Optimization of noise action planning according to Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/ EG’, funded by the Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) of Germany (UFOPLAN FKZ 371055146). I would like to thank our project partners from Laermkontor GmbH (Hamburg) for their valuable input. Figure 9.3 is based on fictitious data of the project ‘Silent City’, funded by the Federal Environment Agency and delivered by Laermkontor GmbH. The focus group interview was conducted at the Extreme Citizen Science Research Group (ExCiteS) at UCL. I would like to thank Prof. Muki Haklay and colleagues, especially Christian Nold, for their support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tomio (Weninger), B. (2017). Cartographic Visualisation of Noise and Aspects of Public Understanding of this Information. In: Loreto, V., et al. Participatory Sensing, Opinions and Collective Awareness. Understanding Complex Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25658-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25658-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25656-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25658-0
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)