Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction and Study Context

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Policing Terrorism, Crime Control, and Police-Community Relations

  • 778 Accesses

Abstract

Since the terror attack of September 11, 2001, counterterrorism has become a major responsibility for police agencies in the Western world. This relatively new and unique task raises new problems and questions for democratic police agencies, yet most of what we know to date about the implications of policing terrorism, in terms of both crime-control and police-community relationships, is based on theoretical hypotheses and reasonable speculations. In this book we bring the first large-scale, multi-method study we are aware of, in which the effects of policing terrorism on police performance in “classic” areas of responsibility and on the relationship between the police and the public have been examined empirically. Our analyses focus specifically on Israel, because it is a setting that provides a unique opportunity to carry out such an examination. In this introductory chapter we discuss the importance of empirically assessing the implications of policing terrorism and the potential consequences of policing terrorism as understood to date. We also review the Israeli context for studying the outcomes of policing terrorism; the Israel National Police (INP), its history, structure, and model for policing terrorism; and our research questions and structure of the book.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This review is adapted from: Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., and Perry, S. (2009). The Israeli model for policing terrorism: Goals, strategies and open questions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(12), 1259–1278. Available online: http://cjb.sagepub.com/content/36/12/1259.short.

  2. 2.

    Also see http://www.mof.gov.il/budget2007/docs/302.pdf.

  3. 3.

    This symposium of police executives from the Washington, DC tri-state area took place at the University of Maryland, College Park on May 9, 2003, and was organized by the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Police Research Group.

  4. 4.

    See the website of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA.

  5. 5.

    See www.police.gov.il. Statistical and other descriptive information regarding the Israel National Police in the text that are not cited directly are drawn from this information source.

  6. 6.

    See www.zaka.org.il.

References

  • Alpert, G., & Dunham, R. (1988). Policing multi-ethnic neighborhoods. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alpert, G., & Moore, M. (1993). Measuring police performance in the new paradigm of policing. In J. Wilson (Ed.), Performance, measures for the criminal justice system (pp. 109–142). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amit, E., & Shaked, R. (2003, February 21). A professor of terror. Yediot Aharonot, 3. [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Atad, A. (2001, September 10). The police demands a 1.8 million Shekel increase in budget. Yediot Aharonot. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-1103849,00.html

  • Azolai, Y. (2005, December 5). I was four meters from him, I didn’t mind dying. Haaretz. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from www.haaretz.co.il

  • B’Tselem. (1990). Violence against minors in police detention. Israel: B’Tselem. Retrieved from http://www.btselem.org/Download/199006_07_Violence_against_Minors_Eng.doc.

    Google Scholar 

  • B’Tselem. (2001). Torture of Palestinian minors in the Gush-Etzion police station. Israel: B’Tselem. Retrieved from http://www.btselem.org/Download/200107_Torture_of_Minors_Eng.rtf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamford, B. W. C. (2004). The United Kingdom’s “war against terrorism”. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16(4), 737–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, D. (1994). Police for the future. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, D. (2006). Changing the guard: Developing democratic police abroad. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, D., & Weisburd, D. (2009). Cops and spooks: The role of the police in counterterrorism. In D. Weisburd, T. Feucht, I. Hakimi, M. Lois, & S. Perry (Eds.), To protect and to serve: Policing in an age of terrorism (pp. 81–99). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-David, A., & Zinger, T. (2005, February 25). Security failure in hospitals in Jerusalem. Yediot Aharonot, 5. [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porat, Y. (1988). A barrier to chaos—Decisive years in the history of the Israeli Police. Israel: Ministry of Defense [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilski, Z. (2001). On our way to municipal policing in Ra’nana. Police and Society, 5, 25–48. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from http://www.police.gov.il/pdf/police_society/52.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohbot, A. (2006, November 21). 2 Palestinians were killed in an operation of the Yam’am force in Gaza. Maariv. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from www.nrg.co.il

  • Bott, C., Gupta, V., Jones, K., Karr, A., Lark, R., & McGee, S. (2009). Public role and engagement in counterterrorism efforts: Implications of Israeli practices for the US. Arlington, VA: Homeland Security Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. (2006). Conclusion: Police innovation and the future of policing. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 339–352). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur, J.-P. (1983). High and low policing: Remarks about the policing of political activities. Social Problems, 30(5), 507–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur, J.-P. (2003). Democracy and secrecy: The French intelligence community. In J. P. Brodeur, P. Gill, & D. Tollborg (Eds.), Democracy, law and society (pp. 9–29). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur, J.-P. (2007). High and low policing in post 9/11 times. Policing, 1, 25–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur, J.-P. (2011). The police web. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur, J.-P., & Depeyron, N. (2003). Democracy and secrecy: The French intelligence community (Chap. 2). In J.-P. Brodeur, P. Gill, & D. Tollborg (Eds.), Democracy, law and security. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. (2007). Community policing in post-September 11 America: A comment on the concept of community-oriented counterterrorism. Police Practice & Research, 8, 239–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burruss, G. W., Giblin, M. J., & Schafer, J. A. (2010). Threatened globally, acting locally: Modeling law enforcement homeland security practices. Justice Quarterly, 27(1), 77–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, D., & Carter, J. (2009). The intelligence fusion process for state, local, and tribal law enforcement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 1323–1339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, J., & Carter, D. (2012). Law enforcement intelligence: Implications for self-radicalized terrorism. Police Practice and Research, 13(2), 138–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, B. (1970). Police state. London, UK: Pall Mall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. V. (2005). Seven misconceptions of situational crime prevention. In N. Tilley (Ed.), Handbook of crime prevention and community safety (pp. 39–70). Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. V., & Newman, G. R. (2007). Police and the prevention of terror. Policing, 1, 9–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. V., & Weisburd, D. (1994). Diffusion of crime control benefits: Observations on the reverse of displacement. Crime Prevention Studies, 2, 165–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. W., & Silver, B. D. (2004). Civil liberties versus security in the context of the terrorist attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science, 48, 28–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deflem, M. (2011). Policing the modern city: Local counterterrorism in the United States. In S. Ekici (Ed.), Counter terrorism in diverse communities (pp. 261–267). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Ios Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diez, S. (2006, March 21). A terrorist carrying an explosives belt was captured. News First Class. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from www.nfc.co.il

  • Fishman, G. (Ed.). (2005). Balanced police action between terror and maintaining public order: A summary of an era and challenges for coming years. Jerusalem, Israel: The Israel Democracy Institute [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedland, N., & Merari, A. (1985). The psychological impact of terrorism: A double-edged sword. Political Psychology, 6, 591–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganor, B. (2011). The counter-terrorism puzzle: A guide for decision makers. Rutgers, The State University, NJ: Transaction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giblin, M. J., Schafer, J. A., & Burruss, G. W. (2009). Homeland security in the heartland: Risk preparedness and organizational capacity. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20, 274–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, C., & Arian, A. (2001). Threat and decision making. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(2), 197–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, H. (2006, April 27). Lieutenant Colonel Omer El-Heyb was convicted of severe espionage. Yediot Aharonot. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from www.ynet.co.il

  • Greenberg, M., Hare’l, A., & Isasharof, A. (2006, December 15). A rocket landed in a residential area in Sderot and caused damage to buildings and a parked car. Haaretz. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from www.haaretz.co.il

  • Greene, J. R. (2011). Community policing and terrorism: Problems and prospects for local community security. In B. Forst & J. R. Greene (Eds.), Criminologists on terrorism and homeland security (pp. 208–244). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasisi, B. (2006, October). Protest policing in deeply divided society: Israeli Arab protest under fire. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasisi, B., Alpert, G., & Flynn, D. (2009). The impacts of policing terrorism on society: Lessons from Israel and the U.S. In D. Weisburd, T. Feucht, I. Hakimi, M. Lois, & S. Perry (Eds.), To protect and to serve: Policing in an age of terrorism (pp. 177–202). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, N. J., Ortiz, C. W., Sugie, N. F., & Miller, J. (2006). Law enforcement and Arab American community relations after September 11th, 2001: Engagement in a time of uncertainty. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, V. E. (2002). The need for a coordinated and strategic local police approach to terrorism: A practitioner’s perspective. Police Practice and Research, 3(4), 319–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, S. (2001). Militarization and demilitarization processes in the Israeli and American police forces: Organizational and social aspects. Policing and Society, 11, 181–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, S. (2003). Border closures as a reliable method for the measurement of Palestinian involvement in crime in Israel: A quasi-experimental analysis. International Journal of Comparative Criminology, 3(1), 18–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovav, M., & Amir, M. (1979). Israel Police: History and analysis. Police Studies, 2(2), 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, P. (Ed.). (2004). Hard won lessons: How police fight terrorism in the United Kingdom. New York, NY: Manhattan Institute. Retrieved from www.manhattan-institute.org.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005). Threat, anxiety, and support of anti-terrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 610–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huddy, L., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2007). The political consequences of perceived threat and felt insecurity. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 614, 13–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huq, A., Tyler, T., & Schulhofer, S. (2011). Why does the public cooperate with law enforcement? The influence of the purposes and targets of policing. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17(3), 419–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes, M. (2006). Policing uncertainty: Countering terror through community intelligence and democratic policing. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 605, 222–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2005). Post 9/11 policing: The crime-control-homeland security paradigm—Taking command of new realities. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyal, R. G. (2012). How far have we come? Information sharing, interagency collaboration, and trust within the law enforcement community. Criminal Justice Studies, 25(4), 357–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamhine, A. (2000). Terrorist bomb threat and the response in the police bomb disposal division. Innovation Exchange, 8, 27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelling, G. L., & Bratton, W. J. (2006). Policing terrorism. New York, NY: Manhattan Institute. Retrieved from www.manhattan-institute.org.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khashu, A., Busch, R., Latif, Z., & Levy, F. (2005). Building strong police-immigrant community relations: Lessons from a New York City project. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, M., & de Guzman, M. C. (2012). Police paradigm shift after the 9/11 terrorist attack: The empirical evidence from the United States municipal police departments. Criminal Justice Studies, 25(4), 323–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFree, G. (2012, July). Policing terrorism. Ideas in American Policing series, (15).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. V. (2010). Policing after 9/11: Community policing in an age of homeland security. Police Quarterly, 13, 347–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi, M. (2005, June 14). We will not run a war during the evacuation. MSN News. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from http://news.msn.co.il/news/StatePoliticalMilitary/Military/200506/200506141-4600.htm?inter=

  • Levi, M., & Gilmore, B. (2002). Terrorist finance, money laundering and the rise and rise of mutual evaluation: A new paradigm for crime control? European Journal of Law Reform, 4(2), 337–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loyka, S. A., Faggiani, D. A., & Karchmer, C. (2005). Protecting your community from terrorism: The strategies for local law enforcement series. Vol. 4: The production and sharing of intelligence. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lum, C., Haberfeld, M., Fachner, G., & Lieberman, C. (2009). Police activities to counter terrorism: What we know and what we need to know. In D. Weisburd, T. Feucht, I. Hakimi, M. Lois, & S. Perry (Eds.), To protect and to serve: Policing in an age of terrorism (pp. 101–141). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lum, C., & Kennedy, L. W. (Eds.). (2012). Evidence-based counterterrorism policy. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lum, C., Kennedy, L. W., & Sherley, A. (2006). Are counterterrorism strategies effective? The results of the Campbell systematic review on counterterrorism evaluation research. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2(4), 489–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutterbeck, D. (2004). Between police and military: The new security agenda and the rise of gendarmeries. Cooperation and Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, 39(1), 45–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, W. (2002). Partnerships, information and public safety: Community policing in a time of Terror. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 25(3), 530–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manna, A., & Infante, E. (2000). Criminal justice systems in Europe and North America: Italy. Helsinki, Finland: HEUNI, The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. Retrieved September 25, 2007, from http://www.heuni.fi/uploads/jrrqu.doc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, P. K. (1977). Police work: The social organization of policing. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, G. T. (2014). High policing. In G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal Justice (pp. 2062–2074). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastrofski, S. D. (2006). Community policing: A skeptical view. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 44–73). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastrofski, S. D., Parks, R. B., & McCluskey, J. D. (2010). Systematic social observation in Criminology. In A. R. Piquero & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Handbook of quantitative criminology (pp. 225–247). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matassa, M., & Newburn, T. (2003). Policing and terrorism. In T. Newburn (Ed.), Handbook of policing (pp. 467–500). Cullompton, Devon: Willan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, R. (1990). Developing more effective strategies for curbing prostitution. Security Journal, 1, 182–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch, J., & Pickering, S. (2005). Suppressing the financing of terrorism: Proliferating state crime, eroding censure and extending neo-colonialism. British Journal of Criminology, 45(4), 470–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, W. F. (2003). The emerging paradigm for policing multiethnic societies: Glimpses from the American experience. Police and Society, 7, 231–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKee, J. Y. (2001). Criminal justice systems in Europe and North America: France. Helsinki, Finland: HEUNI, The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.heuni.fi/uploads/fq98onbf0fojy.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiri, O., Moshkowitz, I., & Aichner, I. (2003, May 15). Terrorists: We were counting on the Islamic movement. Yediot Aharonot, 6. [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiri, O., Mozgovia, N., Levi, Y., & Shaked, R. (2005, December 6). Sacrificed himself to save life. Yediot Aharonot, 4. [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Melman, Y. (2004, February 29). Tennenbaum confesses traveling to Dubai for a drug deal. Haaretz, 1, 4. [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Meniv, O. (2013, February 1). Streets of fear. Ma’ariv. Retrieved from: http://www.nrg.co.il/online/54/ART2/432/927.html (In Hebrew).

  • Mesch, G. S., & Talmud, I. (1998). The influence of community characteristics on police performance in a deeply divided society: The case of Israel. Sociological Focus, 31(3), 233–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickolus, E. (1980). Transnational terrorism: A chronology of events 1968-1979. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickolus, E., Sandler, T., & Murdock, J. (1989). International terrorism in the 1980s: A chronology of events. Vol. 1, 1980–1983. Ames, IO: Iowa State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mijares, T. C., & Jamieson, J. D. (2011). Soldiers and spies, police and detectives. In B. Forst & J. R. Greene (Eds.), Criminologists on terrorism and homeland security (pp. 183–207). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morag, N. (2006). The economic and social effects of intensive terrorism: Israel 2000–2004. Naval Postgraduate School; Center for Homeland Defense and Security: Monterey, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, J. E. (1970). Presidential popularity from Truman to Johnson. American Political Science Review, 64, 18–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, J. E. (1973). War, presidents and public opinion. New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulcahy, A. (2005). The “other” lessons from Ireland? Policing, political violence and policy transfer. European Journal of Criminology, 2(2), 185–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J. (2005). Policing terrorism: A threat to community policing or just a shift in priorities? Police Practice and Research, 6(4), 347–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahoom, D., Inbari, I., & Levi, E. (2006, January 31). A Yam’am soldier was severely wounded near Jenin. Maariv. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved February 19, 2007, from www.nrg.co.il

  • Nahoom-Halevi, R. (2005, March 9). The State Comptroller: The police have lost deterrence. MSN News. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from http://news.msn.co.il/news/Internal/Internal/200503/20050308202900.htm

  • National Research Council. (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. In W. Skogan & K. Frydl (Eds.), Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, G. R., & Clarke, R. V. (2008). Policing terrorism: An executive’s guide. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, W. M. (2006). The fourth era of policing: Homeland security. International Review of Law, Computers, & Technology, 20(1&2), 49–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, C., & Ellison, G. (2006). Eye spy private high: Re-conceptualizing high policing theory. British Journal of Criminology, 46(4), 641–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paré, P. P., Felson, R. B., & Quimet, M. (2007). Community variation in crime clearance: A multilevel analysis with comments on assessing police performance. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23, 243–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randol, B. M. (2013). An exploratory analysis of terrorism prevention and response preparedness efforts in municipal police departments in the United States: Which agencies participate in terrorism prevention and why? The Police Journal, 86(2), 158–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rattner, A., & Hasisi, B. (2005). The Arabs in Israel and the police. Haifa, Israel: The Center for the Study of Crime, Law and Society [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, R. (1998). Process or product? Problem of assessing individual police performance. In J.-P. Brodeur (Ed.), How to recognize good policing: Problems and issues (pp. 55–72). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richman, D. (2004). The right fight: Enlisted by the feds, can police find sleeper cells and protect civil rights, too? Boston Review, December 2004/January 2005. Retrieved from http://bostonreview.net/BR29,6

  • Riley, K. J., & Hoffman, B. (1995). Domestic terrorism: A national assessment of state and local preparedness. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, A., Roberts, J. M., & Liedka, R. V. (2012). Elements of terrorism preparedness in local police agencies, 2003–2007: Impact of vulnerability, organizational characteristics, and contagion in the post 9/11 era. Crime and Delinquency, 58(5), 720–747.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rofe-Ofir, S. (2004, May 20). The case of Lieutenant Colonel El-Heyb: 19 months in custody, the trial is not progressing. Yediot Aharonot. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from www.ynet.co.il

  • Rofe-Ofir, S., & Rábad, A. (2005, January 12). Deal: The Sheikh Ráad Salah will be released in six month. Yediot Aharonot. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3031488,00.html

  • Rosenfeld, M. (2005). Judicial balancing in times of stress: Comparing the American, British, and Israeli approaches to the war on terror. Cardozo Law Review, 27, 2079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, L., Shaked, R., Hazoot, R., Mei-Tal, G., Adeto, A., Zinger, T., & Palter, N. (2001, December 2). Horror. Yediot Aharonot, 2. [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J. A., Burruss, G. W., & Giblin, M. J. (2009). Measuring homeland security innovation in small municipal agencies: Policing in a post 9/11 world. Police Quarterly, 12, 263–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, L. M., & Sheffield, J. (2011). Intelligence-led policing and change in state law enforcement agencies. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 35(4), 761–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadmi, A., & Hod, E. (1996). The history of the Israel National Police. Vol. A: 1948–1958 (the establishment phase). Jerusalem, Israel: The Israel National Police [In Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalev, O. (2003). Organizational change in Israel National Police toward community policing: New era in control of police? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapira, N. (2003). Very special job: Disaster victim identification. Innovation Exchange, 10, 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shernock, S. K. (2009). Introduction to the special issue on policing and homeland security. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(12), 1249–1258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shyowitz, R. (Ed.). (2001). Log of events. Sights of the Police, 186. [In Hebrew]. Retrieved from http://www.police.gov.il/persumim/kitvey_et/01_186/00_186.asp

  • Sidel, M. (2004). More secure, less free. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G., & Hartnett, S. M. (1997). Community policing: Chicago style. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skolnick, J. (1993). Justice without trial revisited. In D. Weisburd & C. Uchida (Eds.), Police innovation and control of the police: Problems of law, order, and community (pp. 190–207). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. L., Shields, C., & Damphousse, K. R. (2011). Patterns of intervention in federal terrorism cases. A report to Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, START.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law and Society Review, 37, 513–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telep, C. W., & Weisburd, D. (2012). What is known about the effectiveness of police practices in reducing crime and disorder? Police Quarterly, 15(4), 331–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thacher, D. (2005). The local role in homeland security. Law and Society Review, 39(3), 635–676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townshend, C. (2002). Terrorism: A very short introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuch, S. A., & Weitzer, R. (1997). Trends: Racial differences in attitudes toward the police. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(4), 642–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. (1990). Why people obey the law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. (2001). Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from legal authorities? Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 215–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593, 84–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2009). Legitimacy and criminal justice: The benefits of self-regulation. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 7, 307–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, S. (2000). Police interactions with racial and ethnic minorities. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., & Amram, S. (2014). The law of concentrations of crime at place: The case of Tel Aviv-Jaffa. The Police Practice and Research: An International Journal. Special Issue: Trends in Israeli Policing: Terrorism, Community, Victimization and Crime Control, 15(2), 101–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (Eds.). (2006). Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., & McElroy, J. (1988). Enacting the CPO role: Findings from the New York City pilot program in community policing. In J. Greene & S. Mastrofski (Eds.), Community based policing: Rhetoric or reality (pp. 89–102). New York, NY: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., Shalev, O., & Amir, M. (2002). Community policing in Israel: Resistance and change. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 25(1), 80–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2006). Race and policing in America: Conflict and reform. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, P. (2001). Terrorism versus democracy: The liberal state response. London, UK: Frank Cass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanay, U. (1994). Co-opting vigilantism (in Israel): Government response to community action. Journal of Public Policy, 13(4), 381–396.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

    Tal Jonathan-Zamir, David Weisburd & Badi Hasisi

  2. Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

    David Weisburd

Authors
  1. Tal Jonathan-Zamir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David Weisburd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Badi Hasisi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jonathan-Zamir, T., Weisburd, D., Hasisi, B. (2014). Introduction and Study Context. In: Policing Terrorism, Crime Control, and Police-Community Relations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08126-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation