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On the Role of Co-inhibitory Molecules in Dendritic Cell: T Helper Cell Coculture Assays Aimed to Detect Chemical-Induced Contact Allergy

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T Lymphocytes as Tools in Diagnostics and Immunotoxicology

Part of the book series: Experientia Supplementum ((EXS,volume 104))

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Abstract

T cells play a pivotal role in sensitization and elicitation of type IV allergic reactions. While T helper cells sustain and maintain the differentiation of further effector cells, regulatory T cells are involved in control of cytokine release and proliferation, and T killer cells execute cellular lysis, thereby leading to certain levels of tissue damage. According to their central role, the widely applied and OECD-supported test method for the assessment of the sensitization potential of a chemical, i.e., the local lymph node assay (LLNA), relies on the detection of the immune-responsive proliferation of lymphocytes. However, most sensitization assays recently developed take advantage of the initiators of sensitization, dendritic cells (DCs) or DC-like cell lines. Here, we focus on inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of DCs and their corresponding receptors on T cells. We summarize insight into the function of CTLA-4, the ligands of inducible co-stimulators (ICOSs), and on the inhibitory receptor programmed death (PD). The targeting of immune cell surface receptors by inhibitory molecules holds some promise with regard to the development of T cell-based sensitization assays. Firstly, a broader and more sensitive dynamic range of detection could be achieved by blocking inhibitors or by removing inhibiting regulatory T cells from the assays. Secondly, the actual expression levels of inhibitory molecules could be also a valuable indicator for the process of sensitization. Finally, inhibitory molecules in coculture test systems are supposed to have a major influence on DCs by reverse signaling, thereby affecting their differentiation and maturation status in a feedback loop. In conclusion, inhibitory ligands of DC surface receptors and/or their cognate receptors on T cells could serve as useful tools in cell-based assays, directly influencing toxicological endpoints such as sensitization.

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Abbreviations

ACD:

Allergic contact dermatitis

CTLA-4:

Cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated antigen-4

DC:

Dendritic cell

DNCB:

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene

DNFB:

2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene

ICOS:

Inducible co-stimulator

LC:

Langerhans cell

LLNA:

Local lymph node assay

MoDC:

Monocyte-derived DC

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PD:

Programmed death

Th:

T helper

Treg :

Regulatory T cell

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by intramural grant SFP1322-345 and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), project #0315724.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany

    Matthias Peiser, Manuel Hitzler & Andreas Luch

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  1. Matthias Peiser
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  2. Manuel Hitzler
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  3. Andreas Luch
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Correspondence to Matthias Peiser or Andreas Luch .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Stefan F. Martin

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Peiser, M., Hitzler, M., Luch, A. (2014). On the Role of Co-inhibitory Molecules in Dendritic Cell: T Helper Cell Coculture Assays Aimed to Detect Chemical-Induced Contact Allergy. In: Martin, S. (eds) T Lymphocytes as Tools in Diagnostics and Immunotoxicology. Experientia Supplementum, vol 104. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_9

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