Abstract
This chapter discuss the preparation and optimization of wood polymer composites based on the impregnation by polymer and nanoclay. Wood impregnation is one of the basic and most frequently used techniques to enhance the wood properties. This fabrication technique offers a wide range of applications depending on type of impregnants applied. Impregnation could make the wood less flammable, more dimensionally stable, more resistant to decay, harder, stronger, and more stable against UV rays. Softwood (Acacia) was impregnated with acrylonitrile, poly(vinyl) alcohol and organically nanoclay. The specimen preparation was carried out using the vacuum-chamber in a laboratory scale. The physical and mechanical properties of the modified wood were analyzed through Tensile and Flexural tests, SEM, FTIR, TGA and DSC. Mechanical test results shown that Tensile and Flexural strength have improvements with the addition of the nanofillers. The FTIR test shown that the chemical bonding between PVA into the wood cell would certainly enhance the matrix adhesion and contribute to its property enhancement. SEM illustrate the samples surface morphology which confirm the impregnation of the specimen. TGA results shown the additives impregnate into the wood component increase the thermal stability compared to the raw wood. DSC results indicate the impregnate wood has a higher melting temperature compared to the raw wood, due to existing of the polymer and nanoclay interfacial bonding among cell wall of the wood. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions for the preparation of wood composites. The design experiment was carried out using Design Expert 11.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdullah, Z. W., Dong, Y., Davies, I. J., & Barbhuiya, S. (2017). PVA, PVA blends, and their nanocomposites for biodegradable packaging application. Polymer—Plastics Technology and Engineering, 56(12), 1307–1344. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1275684.
Agronômicas, F. D. C., De Recursos, D., & Ciências, N. (2010). Use of glass transition temperature for stabilization of board’s cracks of Eucalyptus grandis. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 82, 791–797.
Badji, A. M., Ly, E. H. B., Ndiaye, D., Diallo, A. K., Kebe, N., & Verney, V. (2016). The effect of poly-ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate efficiency and clay platelets on thermal and rheological properties of wood polyethylene composites. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 6(4), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2016.64040.
Bakri, M. K. B., Jayamani, E., Hamdan, S., Rahman, M. R., & Kakar, A. (2018a). Potential of Borneo Acacia wood in fully biodegradable bio-composites’ commercial production and application. Polymer Bulletin, 75(11), 5333–5354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-018-2299-9.
Bakri, M. K. B., Jayamani, E., Heng, S. K., & Kakar, A. (2018b). Short review: Potential production of acacia wood and its biocomposites. Materials Science Forum, 917, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.917.37.
Barton, J., Niemczyk, A., Czaja, K., Korach, Ł., & Sacher-Majewska, B. (2014). Polymer composites, biocomposites and nanocomposites. Production, composition, properties and application fields. Chemik, 68(4), 284–287.
Binhussain, M. A., & El-Tonsy, M. M. (2013). Palm leave and plastic waste wood composite for out-door structures. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1431–1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.031.
Bugnicourt, E., Cinelli, P., Lazzeri, A., & Alvarez, V. (2014). Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): Review of synthesis, characteristics, processing and potential applications in packaging. eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 8(11), 791–808. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.82.
Devi, R. R., & Maji, T. K. (2013). In situ polymerized wood polymer composite: Effect of additives and nanoclay on the thermal, mechanical properties. Materials Research, 16(4), 954–963. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000071.
dos Reis, E. F., Campos, F. S., Lage, A. P., Leite, R. C., Heneine, L. G., Vasconcelos, W. L., et al. (2006). Synthesis and characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels and hybrids for rMPB70 protein adsorption. Materials Research, 9(2), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392006000200014.
Fabiyi, J. S., McDonald, A. G., & McIlroy, D. (2009). Wood modification effects on weathering of HDPE-based wood plastic composites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 17(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-009-0118-y.
Faruk, O., Bledzki, A. K., Fink, H., & Sain, M. (2014). Progress report on natural fiber reinforced composites. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 299, 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201300008.
Frankowski, D. J., Capracotta, M. D., Martin, J. D., Khan, S. A., Spontak, R. J., Carolina, N., et al. (2007). Stability of organically modified montmorillonites and their polystyrene nanocomposites after prolonged thermal treatment. Chemistry of Materials, 19(11), 2757–2767.
Gupta, B. S., & Afshari, M. (2009). Tensile failure of polyacrylonitrile fibers. In Handbook of tensile properties of textile and technical fibres (pp. 486–528). https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845696801.2.486.
Hallensleben, M. L., Fuss, R., & Mummy, F. (2015). Polyvinyl compounds, others. In Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry (pp. 1–23). https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a21_743.pub2.
Hamdan, S., & Mazlan, A. B. (2018). Improved interfacial interaction between wood and styrene with the help of organically modified nanoclay. BioResources, 13(4), 8100–8112.
Hansora, D. (2014, November). Industrial manufacturing process of acrylonitrile (pp. 46–49). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310505082.
Hossen, F., Hamdan, S., & Rahman, R. (2018). Investigation of the acoustic properties of chemically impregnated kayu malam wood used for musical instrument. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 1–7.
Howell, B. R., & Baynes, S. M. (2007). Abiotic factors. In Culture of cold-water marine fish. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995617.ch2.
Islam, M. S., Hamdan, S., Ahmad, M. B., Hasan, M., Hassan, A., Haafiz, M. K. M., et al. (2014). Effect of PVA-co-MMA copolymer on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of tropical wood materials. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/626850.
Kirker, G., & Winandy, J. (2014). Above ground deterioration of wood and wood-based materials. ACS Symposium Series, 1158, 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2014-1158.ch006.
Kondratyeva, E., Safiullin, K., Motygullin, I., Klochkov, A., Tagirov, M., & Reita, V. (2016). Thermal modification of wood and a complex study of its properties by magnetic resonance and other methods. Wood Science and Technology, 50(5), 895–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-016-0825-1.
Kristoffer, S. (2012). Characteristics of wood plastic composites based on modified wood: Moisture properties, biological performance and micromorphology. KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
Li, Y., Liu, Z., Dong, X., Fu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2013). Comparison of decay resistance of wood and wood-polymer composite prepared by in-situ polymerization of monomers. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 84, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.03.013.
Liu, R., Morrell, J. J., & Yan, L. (2018). Thermogravimetric analysis studies of thermally-treated glycerol impregnated poplar wood. BioResources, 13(2004), 1563–1575.
Lizasoain, A., Tort, L. F., García, M., Gomez, M. M., Leite, J. P., Miagostovich, M. P., et al. (2015). Development of novel flax bio-matrix composites for non-structural and structural vehicle applications. Journal of Applied Microbiology.
Lyoo, W. S., & Lee, H. W. (2002). Synthesis of high-molecular-weight poly(vinyl alcohol) with high yield by novel one-batch suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate and saponification. Colloid and Polymer Science, 280(9), 835–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-002-0691-2.
Martins, G., Antunes, F., Mateus, A., & Malça, C. (2017). Optimization of a wood plastic composite for architectural applications. Procedia Manufacturing, 12, 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.08.025.
Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., & Drzal, L. T. (2002). Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources: Opportunities and challenges in the green materials world. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 10(1–2), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021013921916.
Olad, A. (1996). Polymer/clay nanocomposites.
Paril, P. (2016). Wood impregnation.
Processes, O. (2006). Impregnation modification (Chap. 7, p. 1).
Professors, A. (2009). Wood property variation in Acacia auriculiformis growing in Bangladesh. Wood and Fiber Science, 41(4), 359–365.
Rahman, M. R. (2018). Wood polymer nanocomposites. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65735-6.
Rahman, M. R., Hamdan, S., Ahmed, A. S., & Islam, M. S. (2010). Mechanical and biological performance of sodium metaperiodate-impregnated plasticized wood (PW). BioResources, 5(2), 1022–1035.
Rahman, M. R., Lai, J. C. H., Hamdan, S., Ahmed, A. S., Baini, R., & Saleh, S. F. (2013). Combined styrene/MMA/nanoclay cross-linker effect on wood-polymer composites (WPCs). BioResources, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.3.4227-4237.
Rahman, R., Hamdan, S., Lai, J., & Hui, C. (2017). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of wood polymer nanocomposites. In MATEC web of conferences (p. 03013).
Ratnasingam, J., Wai, L. T., Thanasegaran, G., Ioras, F., Vacalie, C., Coman, C., et al. (2013). Innovations in the forest products industry: The Malaysian experience. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(2), 601–607.
Razdil, J. A. F. B., Technologies, I., & Illinois, N. (2012). Introduction (Chap. 1). https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a01_177.
Rodrigues, W., Espinosa, M. M., Polito, W. L., & Sp, S. C. (2004). Comparison of the compressive strength of impregnated and nonimpregnated eucalyptus subjected to two different pressures and impregnation times. Materials Research, 7(2), 241–245.
Rokeya, U. K., Hossain, M. A., Ali, M. R., & Paul, S. P. (2010). Physical and mechanical properties of (Acacia auriculiformis × A. mangium) hybrid Acacia. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, 34(2), 181–187.
Rowell, R. M. (2006). Chemical modification of wood: A short review. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 1(1), 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480270600670923.
Roy, S. B. (2014). A review on bio-composites: Fabrication, properties and applications. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(10), 16814–16824. https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2014.0310058.
Sandberg, D., Kutnar, A., & Mantanis, G. (2017). Wood modification technologies—A review. iForest, 10(6), 895–908. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2380-010.
Uddin, N., & Kalyankar, R. R. (2011). Manufacturing and structural feasibility of natural fiber reinforced polymeric structural insulated panels for panelized construction. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2011(14). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/963549.
Umachandran, K., & Sawicka, B. (2017). Study of timber market of Malaysia and its impact on the economy and employment. Journal of Advances in Agriculture, 7(3), 1123–1130.
Viet, D. Q., & Tho, V. D. S. (2017). Study on characteristics of acacia wood by FTIR and thermogrametric analysis. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 55(2), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.15625/2525-2321.2017-00456.
Wang, X., & Chai, Y. (2012). Thermal, mechanical, and moisture absorption properties of wood-TiO2 composites prepared by a sol-gel process. BioResources. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.1.0893-0901.
Wegman, R. F., & Van Twisk, J. (2013). Plastics. In Surface preparation techniques for adhesive bonding (pp. 115–130). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-3126-8.00008-7.
Yadav, S. M., & Yusoh, K. B. (2016). Preparation and characterization of wood plastic composite reinforced by organoclay. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 13(2), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-016-0175-5.
Zhifeng, Z. (2007). Effects of the molecular structure of polyvinyl alcohol on the adhesion to fibre substrates. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe, 15(1), 82–85.
Zhu, G., Wang, F., Xu, K., Gao, Q., & Liu, Y. (2013). Study on properties of poly (vinyl alcohol)/polyacrylonitrile blend film. ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 23, 146–151. https://doi.org/10.4322/polimeros.2013.076.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rahman, M.R., Hamdan, S., Taib, S.N.L., Baini, R. (2019). Optimization of Fabrication Technique to Prepare Acacia Wood Reinforced Bio-composites. In: Rahman, M. (eds) Acacia Wood Bio-composites. Engineering Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29627-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29627-8_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29626-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29627-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)