Abstract
Solar energy can be tapped and stored efficiently using photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. PEC cell utilizes influx of photons to drive uphill chemical reactions and thereby transforming their inherent energy into chemicals bonds. PEC reaction is one of the most important reactions for generating hydrogen and oxygen. Moreover, as the reaction is reversed and hydrogen is combusted in presence of oxygen; water is obtained as by-product. A lot of research efforts are underway for realizing efficient photoactive material that can absorb sunlight in visible region and has proper straddling band edges that can oxidize and reduce water. The water oxidation half cell reaction also restrains the technology as water oxidation is slow at the surface of photoanodes compared to other loss processes. Semiconductor (SC) photoanodes modified with earth abundant electrocatalyst (EC) can be a important proposition for realizing electrodes with high photocatalytic activity and stability for proficient PEC splitting of water. This approach allows optimization of different processes such as photon absorption, charge separation and surface catalysis independently. The PEC reactions are catalyzed by electrocatalyst by lowering the activation energy. For PEC H2 generation reaction, the main earth abundant electrocatalyst comprises of transition metal chalcogenides, carbides, phosphides, whereas for O2 generation mixed transition metal oxides can be utilized. Bifunctional (HER/OER) electrocatalyst such as NiFeOOH and Co-Mn oxide nanoparticle can be used for PEC splitting of water. Hybridization of composite photoanodes, provide flexibility for adjustment of different components with different properties but raises new issues at the interfacial forefront.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Cox N, Pantazis DA, Neese F, LubitzW (2015) Artificial photosynthesis: understanding water splitting in nature. Interface Focus 5(3):20150009
Gratze lM (1981)Artificial photosynthesis:water cleavage into hydrogen and oxygen by visible light. Acc Chem Res 14(12):376–384
Tachibana Y, Vayssieres L, Durrant JR (2012) Artificial photosynthesis for solar water-splitting. Nat Photonics 6(8):511
Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nat 238(5358):37
Prasad M, Sharma V, Rokade A, Jadkar S (2018) Photoelectrochemical cell: a versatile device for sustainable hydrogen production. Photoelectrochemical Sol Cells 30:59–119
Lin F, Bachman BF, Boettcher SW (2015) Impact of electrocatalyst activity and ion permeability on water-splitting photoanodes. J Phys Chem Lett 6(13):2427–2433
Lin F, Boettcher SW (2014) Adaptive semiconductor/electrocatalyst junctions in water-splitting photoanodes. Nat Mater 13(1):81
Nellist MR, Laskowski FA, Lin F, Mills TJ, Boettcher SW (2016) Semiconductor–electrocatalyst interfaces: theory, experiment, and applications in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Acc Chem Res 49(4):733–740
Roger I, Shipman MA, Symes MD (2017) Earth-abundant catalysts for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nat Rev Chem 1(1):0003
Trasatti S (1972) Work function, electronegativity, and electrochemical behaviour ofmetals: III. electrolytic hydrogen evolution in acid solutions. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 39(1):163–184
Shaner MR, McKone JR, Gray HB, Lewis NS (2015) Functional integration of Ni–Mo electrocatalysts with Si microwire array photocathodes to simultaneously achieve high fill factors and light-limited photocurrent densities for solar-driven hydrogen evolution. Energy Environ Sci 8(10):2977–2984
Lukowski MA, Daniel AS, Meng F, Forticaux A, Li L, Jin S (2013) Enhanced hydrogen evolution catalysis from chemically exfoliated metallic MoS2 nanosheets. J Am Chem Soc 135(28):10274–10277
Parzinger E, Miller B, Blaschke B, Garrido JA, Ager JW, Holleitner A, Wurstbauer U (2015) Photocatalytic stability of single-and few-layer MoS2. ACS Nano 9(11):11302–11309
Voiry D, Salehi M, Silva R, Fujita T, Chen M, Asefa T, Shenoy VB, Eda G, Chhowalla M (2013) Conducting MoS2 nanosheets as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Lett 13(12):6222–6227
Kemppainen E, Bodin A, Sebok B, Pedersen T, Seger B, Mei B, Bae D, Vesborg PC, Halme J, Hansen O, Lund PD (2015) Scalability and feasibility of photoelectrochemical H2 evolution: the ultimate limit of Pt nanoparticle as an HER catalyst. Energy Environ Sci 8(10):2991–2999
Reier T, Oezaslan M, Strasser P (2012) Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on Ru, Ir, and Pt catalysts: a comparative study of nanoparticles and bulk materials. Acs Catal 2(8):1765–1772
Chen Z, Jaramillo TF, Deutsch TG, Kleiman-Shwarsctein A, Forman AJ, Gaillard N, Garland R, Takanabe K, Heske C, Sunkara M, McFarland EW (2010) Accelerating materials development for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production: standards for methods, definitions, and reporting protocols. J Mater Res 25(1):3–16
Yang X, Liu R, He Y, Thorne J, Zheng Z, Wang D (2015) Enabling practical electrocatalyst assisted photoelectron-chemical water splitting with earth abundant materials. Nano Res 8(1):56–81
Hou Y, Abrams BL, Vesborg PC, Björketun ME, Herbst K, Bech L, Setti AM, Damsgaard CD, Pedersen T, Hansen O, Rossmeisl J (2011) Bioinspired molecular co-catalysts bonded to a silicon photocathode for solar hydrogen evolution. Nat Mater 10(6):434
Berglund SP, He H, Chemelewski WD, Celio H, Dolocan A, Mullins CB (2014) p-Si/W2C and p-Si/W2C/Pt photocathodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J Am Chem Soc 136(4):1535–1544
Ding Q, Meng F, English CR, Cabán-Acevedo M, Shearer MJ, Liang D, Daniel AS, Hamers RJ, Jin S (2014) Efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation using heterostructures of Si and chemically exfoliated metallic MoS2. J Am Chem Soc 136(24):8504–8507
Cabán-Acevedo M, Stone ML, Schmidt JR, Thomas JG, Ding Q, Chang HC, Tsai ML, He JH, Jin S (2015) Efficient hydrogen evolution catalysis using ternary pyrite-type cobalt phosphosulphide. Nat Mater 14(12):1245
McKone JR, Warren EL, Bierman MJ, Boettcher SW, Brunschwig BS, Lewis NS, Gray HB (2011) Evaluation of Pt, Ni, and Ni–Mo electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution on crystalline Si electrodes. Energy Environ Sci 4(9):3573–3583
Morales-Guio CG, Thorwarth K, Niesen B, Liardet L, Patscheider J, Ballif C, Hu X (2015) Solar hydrogen production by amorphous silicon photocathodes coated with a magnetron sputter deposited Mo2C catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 137(22):7035–7038
Kwon KC, Choi S, Hong K, Moon CW, Shim YS, Kim DH, Kim T, Sohn W, Jeon JM, Lee CH, Nam KT (2016) Wafer-scale transferable molybdenum disulfide thin-film catalysts for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Energy Environ Sci 9(7):2240–2248
Oh S ,Kim JB, Song JT, Oh J, Kim SH (2017) Atomic layer deposited molybdenum disulfide on Si photocathodes for highly efficient photoelectrochemical water reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A 5(7):3304–3310
Chen Y, Tran PD, Boix P, Ren Y, Chiam SY, Li Z, Fu K, Wong LH, Barber J (2015) Silicon decorated with amorphous cobalt molybdenum sulfide catalyst as an efficient photocathode for solar hydrogen generation. ACS Nano 9(4):3829–3836
Chen CJ, Yang KC, Liu CW, Lu YR, Dong CL, Wei DH, Hu SF, Liu RS (2017) Silicon microwire arrays decorated with amorphous heterometal-doped molybdenum sulfide for water photoelectrolysis. Nano Energy 1(32):422–432
Bao XQ, Petrovykh DY, Alpuim P, Stroppa DG, Guldris N, Fonseca H, Costa M, Gaspar J, Jin C, Liu L (2015) Amorphous oxygen-rich molybdenum oxysulfide decorated p-type silicon microwire arrays for efficient photoelectrochemical water reduction. Nano Energy 1(16):130–142
Kwon KC, Choi S, Lee J, Hong K, Sohn W, Andoshe DM, Choi KS, Kim Y, Han S, Kim SY, Jang HW (2017) Drastically enhanced hydrogen evolution activity by 2D to 3D structural transition in anion-engineered molybdenum disulfide thin films for efficient Si-based water splitting photocathodes. J Mater Chem A 5(30):15534–15542
Basu M, Zhang ZW, Chen CJ, Chen PT, Yang KC, Ma CG, Lin CC, Hu SF, Liu RS (2015) Heterostructure of Si andCoSe2: a promising photocathode based on a non-noble metal catalyst for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed 54(21):6211–6216
Zhang H, Ding Q, He D, Liu H, Liu W, Li Z, Yang B, Zhang X, Lei L, Jin S (2016) A p-Si/NiCoSex core/shell nanopillar array photocathode for enhanced photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Energy Environ Sci 9(10):3113–3119
Huang Z, Chen Z, Chen Z, Lv C, Meng H, Zhang C (2014) Ni12P5 nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen generation via electrolysis and photoelectrolysis. ACS Nano 8(8):8121–8129
Zhao J, Cai L, Li H, Shi X, Zheng X (2017) Stabilizing silicon photocathodes by solution deposited Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide for efficient hydrogen evolution in alkaline media. ACS Energy Lett 2(9):1939–1946
Ding Q, Zhai J, Cabán-Acevedo M, Shearer MJ, Li L, Chang HC, Tsai ML, Ma D, Zhang X, Hamers RJ, He JH (2015) Designing efficient solar-driven hydrogen evolution photocathodes using semitransparent MoQxCly (Q = S, Se) catalysts on Si micropyramids. Adv Mater 27(41):6511–6518
Seger B, Laursen AB, Vesborg PC, Pedersen T, Hansen O, Dahl S, Chorkendorff IB (2012) Hydrogen production using a molybdenum sulfide catalyst on a titanium-protected n+p-silicon photocathode. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(36):9128–9131
Fan R, Mao J, Yin Z, Jie J, Dong W, Fang L, Zheng F, Shen M (2017) Efficient and stable silicon photocathodes coated with vertically standing nano-MoS2 films for solar hydrogen production. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(7):6123–6129
Bao XQ, Cerqueira MF, Alpuim P, Liu L (2015) Silicon nanowire arrays coupled with cobalt phosphide spheres as low-cost photocathodes for efficient solar hydrogen evolution. Chem Commun 51(53):10742–10745
Chen F, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Cui W, Su X, Li Y (2016) Efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution on silicon photocathodes interfaced with nanostructured NiP2 cocatalyst films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(45):31025–31031
Lin Y, Battaglia C, Boccard M, Hettick M, Yu Z, Ballif C,Ager JW, JaveyA(2013)Amorphous Si thin film based photocathodes with high photovoltage for efficient hydrogen production. Nano Lett 13(11):5615–5618
Hinnemann B, Moses PG, Bonde J, Jørgensen KP, Nielsen JH, Horch S, Chorkendorff I, Nørskov JK (2005) Biomimetic hydrogen evolution: MoS2 nanoparticles as catalyst for hydrogen evolution. J Am Chem Soc 127(15):5308–5309
Tran PD, Pramana SS, Kale VS, Nguyen M, Chiam SY, Batabyal SK, Wong LH, Barber J, Loo J (2012) Novel assembly of an MoS2 electrocatalyst onto a silicon nanowire array electrode to construct a photocathode composed of elements abundant on the earth for hydrogen generation. Chem Eur J 18(44):13994–13999
Oh S, Song H, Oh J (2017) An optically and electrochemically decoupled monolithic photoelec trochemical cell for high-performance solar-drivenwater splitting. Nano Lett 17(9):5416–5422
McEnaney JM, Crompton JC, Callejas JF, Popczun EJ, Biacchi AJ, Lewis NS, Schaak RE (2014) Amorphous molybdenum phosphide nanoparticles for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chem Mater 26(16):4826–4831
Vrubel H, Hu X (2012) Molybdenum boride and carbide catalyze hydrogen evolution in both acidic and basic solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(51):12703–12706
Popczun EJ, McKone JR, Read CG, Biacchi AJ, Wiltrout AM, Lewis NS, Schaak RE (2013) Nanostructured nickel phosphide as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J Am Chem Soc 135(25):9267–9270
Yang J, Walczak K, Anzenberg E, Toma FM, Yuan G, Beeman J, Schwartzberg A, Lin Y, Hettick M, Javey A, Ager JW (2014) Efficient and sustained photoelectrochemical water oxidation by cobalt oxide/silicon photoanodes with nanotextured interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 136(17):6191–6194
Zhou X, Liu R, Sun K, Papadantonakis KM, Brunschwig BS, Lewis NS (2016) 570 mV photovoltage, stabilized n-Si/CoOx heterojunction photoanodes fabricated using atomic layer deposition. Energy Environ Sci 9(3):892–897
Yang J, Cooper JK, Toma FM, Walczak KA, Favaro M, Beeman JW, Hess LH, Wang C, Zhu C, Gul S, Yano J (2017) A multifunctional biphasic water splitting catalyst tailored for integration with high-performance semiconductor photoanodes. Nat Mater 16(3):335
Hill JC, Landers AT, Switzer JA (2015) An electrodeposited inhomogeneous metal–insulator–semiconductor junction for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nat Mater 14(11):1150
Abdi FF, Han L, Smets AH, Zeman M, Dam B, Van De Krol R (2013) Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode. Nat Commun 29(4):2195
Pijpers JJ, Winkler MT, Surendranath Y, Buonassisi T, Nocera DG (2011) Light-induced water oxidation at silicon electrodes functionalized with a cobalt oxygen-evolving catalyst. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(25):10056–10061
Young ER, Costi R, Paydavosi S, Nocera DG, Bulovic´ V (2011) Photo-assisted water oxidation with cobalt-based catalyst formed from thin-film cobalt metal on silicon photoanodes. Energy Environ Sci 4(6):2058–2061
Esswein AJ, Surendranath Y, Reece SY, Nocera DG (2011) Highly active cobalt phosphate and borate based oxygen evolving catalysts operating in neutral and natural waters. Energy Environ Sci 4(2):499–504
Ding C, Shi J, Wang D, Wang Z, Wang N, Liu G, Xiong F, Li C (2013) Visible light driven overall water splitting using cocatalyst/BiVO4 photoanode with minimized bias. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(13):4589–4595
Kenney MJ, Gong M, Li Y, Wu JZ, Feng J, Lanza M, Dai H (2013) High-performance silicon photoanodes passivated with ultrathin nickel films for water oxidation. Science 342(6160):836–840
Zhou X, Liu R, Sun K, Friedrich D, McDowell MT, Yang F, Omelchenko ST, Saadi FH, Nielander AC, Yalamanchili S, Papadantonakis KM (2015) Interface engineering of the photoelectrochemical performance of Ni-oxide-coated n-Si photoanodes by atomic-layer deposition of ultrathin films of cobalt oxide. Energy Environ Sci 8(9):2644–2649
Sun K, McDowell MT, Nielander AC, Hu S, Shaner MR, Yang F, Brunschwig BS, Lewis NS (2015) Stable solar-driven water oxidation to O2 (g) by Ni-oxide-coated silicon photoanodes. J Phys Chem Lett 6(4):592–598
Kwak IH, Im HS, Jang DM, Kim YW, Park K, Lim YR, Cha EH, Park J (2016) CoSe2 and NiSe2 nanocrystals as superior bifunctional catalysts for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(8):5327–5334
Wang HP, Sun K, Noh SY, Kargar A, Tsai ML, Huang MY, Wang D, He JH (2015) High performance a-Si/c-Si heterojunction photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical oxygen and hydrogen evolution. Nano Lett 15(5):2817–2824
Yao T, Chen R, Li J, Han J, Qin W, Wang H, Shi J, Fan F, Li C (2016) Manipulating the interfacial energetics of n-type silicon photoanode for efficient water oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 138(41):13664–13672
Trotochaud L, Young SL, Ranney JK, Boettcher SW (2014) Nickel–iron oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution electrocatalysts: the role of intentional and incidental iron incorporation. J Am Chem Soc 136(18):6744–6753
Seabold JA, Choi KS (2012) Efficient and stable photo-oxidation ofwater by a bismuth vanadate photoanode coupled with an iron oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 134(4):2186–2192
Yuan Y, Gu J, Ye KH, Chai Z, Yu X, Chen X, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Mai W (2016) Combining bulk/surface engineering of hematite to synergistically improve its photoelectrochemical water splitting performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(25):16071–16077
Liu W, Liu H, Dang L, Zhang H, Wu X, Yang B, Li Z, Zhang X, Lei L, Jin S (2017) Amorphous cobalt–iron hydroxide nanosheet electrocatalyst for efficient electrochemical and photo-electrochemical oxygen evolution. Adv Func Mater 27(14):1603904
Luo J, Im JH, Mayer MT, Schreier M, Nazeeruddin MK, Park NG, Tilley SD, Fan HJ, Grätzel M (2014) Water photolysis at 12.3% efficiency via perovskite photovoltaics and Earth-abundant catalysts. Science 345(6204):1593–1596
Li X, Zhang L, Huang M, Wang S, Li X, Zhu H (2016) Cobalt and nickel selenide nanowalls anchored on graphene as bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. J Mater Chem A 4(38):14789–14795
Liu J, Liu Y, Liu N, Han Y, Zhang X, Huang H, Lifshitz Y, Lee ST, Zhong J, Kang Z (2015) Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway. Science 347(6225):970–974
Li J, Wang Y, Zhou T, Zhang H, Sun X, Tang J, Zhang L, Al-Enizi AM, Yang Z, Zheng G (2015) Nanoparticle superlattices as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting. J Am Chem Soc 137(45):14305–14312
Xu Y, Kraft M, Xu R (2016) Metal-free carbonaceous electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 45(11):3039–3052
Kumar P, Boukherroub R, Shankar K (2018) Sunlight-driven water-splitting using two dimensional carbon based semiconductors. J Mater Chem A 6(27):12876–12931
Kumar S, Karthikeyan S, Lee A (2018) g-C3N4-based nanomaterials for visible light-driven photocatalysis. Catalysts 8(2):74
61)Ye S,Wang R,WuMZ, Yuan YP (2015) A review on g-C3N4 for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction. Appl Surf Sci 15(358):15–27
Liu M, Xia P, Zhang L, Cheng B, Yu J (2018) Enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of g-C3N4 nanosheets via optimal photodeposition of Pt as cocatalyst. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(8):10472–10480
Patnaik S, Martha S, Acharya S, Parida KM (2016) An overview of the modification of gC3N4 with high carbon containing materials for photocatalytic applications. Inorg Chem Front 3(3):336–347
Ma TY, Dai S, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ (2014) Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet–carbon nanotube three-dimensional porous composites as high-performance oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed 53(28):7281–7285
Li J, Zhao Z, Ma Y, Qu Y (2017) Graphene and their hybrid electrocatalysts for water splitting. ChemCatChem 9(9):1554–1568
Hu C, Liu D, Xiao Y, Dai L (2018) Functionalization of graphene materials by heteroatom doping for energy conversion and storage. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 28(2):121–132
Velasco-Soto MA, Pérez-García SA, Alvarez-Quintana J, Cao Y, Nyborg L, Licea-Jiménez L (2015) Selective band gap manipulation of graphene oxide by its reduction with mild reagents. Carbon 1(93):967–973
Yeh TF, Cihláˇr J, Chang CY, Cheng C, Teng H (2013) Roles of graphene oxide in photocatalytic water splitting. Mater Today 16(3):78–84
Yeh TF, Syu JM, Cheng C, Chang TH, Teng H (2010) Graphite oxide as a photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water. Adv Func Mater 20(14):2255–2262
Latorre-Sánchez M, Primo A, García H (2013) P-doped graphene obtained by pyrolysis of modified alginate as a photocatalyst for hydrogen generation from water–methanol mixtures. Angew Chem Int Ed 52(45):11813–11816
Chen X, Yu Z, Wei L, Zhou Z, Zhai S, Chen J, Wang Y, Huang Q, Karahan HE, Liao X, Chen Y (2019) Ultrathin nickel boride nanosheets anchored on functionalized carbon nanotubes as bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. J Mater Chem A 7(2):764–774
Cheng Y, Memar A, Saunders M, Pan J, Liu C, Gale JD, Demichelis R, Shen PK, Jiang SP (2016) Dye functionalized carbon nanotubes for photoelectrochemical water splitting–role of inner tubes. J Mater Chem A 4(7):2473–2483
Tian GL, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Jin YG, Huang JQ, Su DS, Wei F (2014) Toward full exposure of “active sites”: nanocarbon electrocatalyst with surface enriched nitrogen for superior oxygen reduction and evolution reactivity. Adv Func Mater 24(38):5956–5961
Sprick RS, Jiang JX, Bonillo B, Ren S, Ratvijitvech T, Guiglion P, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI (2015) Tunable organic photocatalysts for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution. J Am Chem Soc 137(9):3265–3270
Vyas VS, Haase F, Stegbauer L, Savasci G, Podjaski F, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV (2015) A tunable azine covalent organic framework platform for visible light-induced hydrogen generation. Nat Commun 30(6):8508
Liu J, Wen S, Hou Y, Zuo F, Beran GJ, Feng P (2013) Boron carbides as efficient, metal-free, visible-light-responsive photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed 52(11):3241–3245
Wang X, Maeda K, Thomas A, Takanabe K, Xin G, Carlsson JM, Domen K, Antonietti M (2009) A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nat Mater 8(1):76
Acknowledgements
Mohit Prasad is thankful to University Grants Commission, Government of India for Dr. D. S. Kothari PostDoc Fellowship. Vidhika Sharma is thankful to Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research-CEFIPRA, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for the Research Associateship. Sandesh Jadkar is also thankful to Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research-CEFIPRA, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Prasad, M., Sharma, V., Jadkar, S. (2020). Role of Earth-Abundant/Carbonaceous Electrocatalysts as Cocatalyst for Solar Water Splitting. In: Inamuddin, Boddula, R., Asiri, A. (eds) Methods for Electrocatalysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27161-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27161-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27160-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27161-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)